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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Risk treatment | 15% | - Assessment and acceptance of residual risks - Development and implementation of treatment plans - Selection of risk treatment options |
| Risk recording and reporting | 10% | - Reporting to stakeholders and decision-makers - Documentation requirements and records management |
| Fundamental principles and concepts of risk management | 15% | - Principles of risk management according to ISO 31000 - Key concepts, definitions, and terminology - Relationship between risk management and organizational objectives |
| Establishing the risk management framework | 20% | - Design and implementation of the framework - Integration of risk management into organizational processes - Governance, accountability, and resources - Leadership and commitment |
| Risk communication and consultation | 5% | - Consultation throughout the risk management process - Communication strategies and stakeholder engagement |
| Risk monitoring and review | 10% | - Continuous improvement of risk management - Monitoring performance and effectiveness - Internal and external review processes |
| Initiating the risk management process and risk assessment | 25% | - Risk evaluation and prioritization - Risk identification methods and techniques - Risk analysis: likelihood, impact, and level determination - Defining scope, context, and risk criteria - Application of ISO 31010 risk assessment techniques |
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質問 # 35
According to ISO 31000, what is the main difference between the roles of the oversight body and top management in risk management?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is B. The oversight body supervises risk management, while top management manages risk. ISO 31000:2018 clearly distinguishes between governance and management responsibilities within the risk management framework. The oversight body (such as a board of directors or equivalent governing body) is responsible for oversight, ensuring that risk management is appropriate, effective, and aligned with the organization's purpose, strategy, and governance arrangements.
Top management, on the other hand, is responsible for managing risk by establishing, implementing, and maintaining the risk management framework and ensuring that risk management is integrated into organizational activities and decision-making. ISO 31000 emphasizes leadership and commitment by top management as essential for embedding risk management into strategy, operations, and culture.
Option A is incorrect because the oversight body does not manage daily risk activities, nor does top management limit its role to opportunity-based risks. Option C is incorrect because, while both have responsibilities, their roles are distinct and complementary, not identical. Option D incorrectly assigns operational risk assessment responsibilities to the oversight body.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, understanding this distinction ensures proper governance, accountability, and effectiveness of risk management across all levels of the organization.
質問 # 36
Which factors should organizations consider when identifying uncertainties that could affect their objectives?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is B. Causes and events, emerging risk indicators, internal capabilities, limitations of available knowledge. ISO 31000 defines risk as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, making the identification of uncertainties a central element of risk management.
Organizations must consider potential causes and events that could lead to deviations from objectives, as well as emerging indicators that signal changing risk conditions. Internal capabilities and constraints influence how well an organization can respond to uncertainty, while limitations in knowledge introduce additional uncertainty.
Option A focuses on static internal information. Option C and D relate more to planning and compliance rather than uncertainty identification.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, identifying uncertainties requires a forward-looking and evidence-based approach. Therefore, the correct answer is causes, events, emerging indicators, capabilities, and knowledge limitations.
質問 # 37
What is an example of records related to risk management?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is A. Incident and audit reports. ISO 31000 distinguishes between records, documents, and procedures within risk management. Records provide evidence that activities have been performed and capture outcomes of events, assessments, and reviews.
Incident reports and audit reports are classic examples of risk management records because they document what actually happened, what was discovered, and what actions were taken. These records support learning from events, monitoring trends, and improving controls and processes.
Option B refers to formal documents that define intent and planned actions, not records of events or outcomes. Option C includes a risk register, which may contain both records and working documents, but "risk assessment procedure" is a procedural document, not a record. Option D relates to strategic planning rather than risk management records.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, distinguishing records from policies and procedures is critical for effective documentation and governance. Therefore, the correct answer is incident and audit reports.
質問 # 38
Scenario 4:
Headquartered in Barcelona, Spain, Solenco Energy is a renewable energy provider that operates several solar and wind farms across southern Europe. After experiencing periodic equipment failures and supplier delays that affected energy output, the company initiated a risk assessment in line with ISO 31000 to ensure organizational resilience, minimize disruptions, and support long-term performance.
To better quantify the financial exposure to inverter failure risk, the team multiplied the estimated probability of failure (10%) by the potential loss per event (€900,000), yielding an annual expected impact of €90,000.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
As indicated in Scenario 4, Solenco used Expected Monetary Value (EMV) to calculate the annual expected impact of the inverter failure risk. Is this acceptable?
正解：C
解説：
The correct answer is B. Yes, organizations need to calculate the EMV of the identified negative risks only. ISO 31000 does not mandate specific quantitative techniques but allows organizations to use appropriate methods to analyze risk, provided they support informed decision-making. Expected Monetary Value (EMV) is a commonly used quantitative technique for analyzing negative (downside) risks, particularly where financial impacts can be reasonably estimated.
In Scenario 4, Solenco applied EMV appropriately by combining the probability of failure with the estimated financial consequences. This provided a clear, comparable metric for prioritizing the inverter failure risk relative to other risks in the risk register. ISO 31000 supports such proportional and context-appropriate analysis.
Option A is incorrect because not all risks require EMV calculation; the technique should be applied selectively based on relevance and materiality. Option C is incorrect because ISO 31000 does not prohibit point-in-time quantitative techniques; instead, it encourages combining them with monitoring and review. Option D is incorrect, as EMV is widely used across industries, not only in finance.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, EMV is acceptable and useful for analyzing significant financial risks when assumptions are transparent and results are reviewed regularly. Therefore, the correct answer is Yes, organizations need to calculate the EMV of the identified negative risks only.
質問 # 39
Scenario 2:
Bambino is a furniture manufacturer headquartered in Florence, Italy, specializing in daycare furniture, including tables, chairs, children's beds, shelves, mats, changing stations, and indoor playhouses. After experiencing a major supply chain disruption that caused delays and revealed vulnerabilities in its operations, Bambino decided to implement a risk management framework and process based on ISO 31000 guidelines to systematically identify, assess, and manage risks.
As the first step in this process, top management appointed Luca, the operations manager of Bambino, to facilitate the adoption and integration of the framework into the company's operations, ensuring that risk awareness, communication, and structured practices became part of everyday decision-making.
After Luca took on the responsibility, he reviewed how responsibilities and decision-making were distributed across the company's units, with each unit overseen by a director managing strategic, administrative, and operational matters. At the same time, in consultation with top management, he analyzed the broader environment of Bambino, namely mission, governance, culture, resources, information flows, and stakeholder relationships.
Building on this, Luca outlined concrete actions to strengthen risk management by engaging stakeholders, breaking the process into stages, and aligning objectives with the company's goals. Progress was tracked through existing systems, allowing timely adjustments. Additionally, clear objectives were linked to the mission and strategy, responsibilities were defined, leadership demonstrated commitment, and expectations for daily integration were clarified. Finally, resources for people, skills, and technology were allocated, supported by communication, reporting, and escalation mechanisms.
Additionally, Luca reviewed the requirements the company was bound by, including safety laws for children's products, local labor regulations, and permits needed for operations. He also considered voluntary commitments, such as sustainability labels and agreements with daycare institutions. Through this review, he identified the likelihood of occurrence and potential consequences of failing to meet these requirements, ranging from legal penalties to loss of customer trust, making this area a clear source of exposure. This included the possibility of fines for breaching product safety laws, sanctions for violating labor regulations, and reputational harm if sustainability or contractual commitments were not fulfilled.
Based on the scenario above, answer the following question:
According to Scenario 2, Luca outlined a concrete set of actions to strengthen the company's risk management capabilities. What did he develop in this case?
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is B. Risk management plan. ISO 31000:2018 explains that once leadership commitment and context are established, organizations must design and implement the risk management framework through structured and coordinated actions. A risk management plan translates strategic intent into practical, actionable steps that enable the integration of risk management into everyday operations.
In the scenario, Luca outlined concrete actions such as stakeholder engagement, breaking the process into stages, aligning objectives with organizational goals, tracking progress through existing systems, defining responsibilities, allocating resources, and establishing communication, reporting, and escalation mechanisms. These elements collectively describe a risk management plan, which specifies how risk management will be implemented, monitored, and improved across the organization.
A risk management policy is typically a high-level statement expressing top management's commitment, principles, and overall direction regarding risk management. While leadership demonstrated commitment in the scenario, Luca's activities went beyond policy formulation and focused on execution.
A risk treatment plan is developed later in the risk management process and focuses specifically on actions to modify individual risks. In Scenario 2, Luca's work addressed the framework and integration level, not the treatment of specific risks. A risk register, likewise, is a recording tool and not a set of actions.
From a PECB ISO 31000 Lead Risk Manager perspective, developing a risk management plan is a critical step in ensuring that risk management is integrated, structured, and sustainable. Therefore, the correct answer is risk management plan.
質問 # 40
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