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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Patient Care
|
| Topic 2: Laboratory Procedures | 12% | - Diagnostic Testing
|
| Topic 3: Dentistry | 8% | - Dental Procedures
|
| Topic 4: Pain Management and Analgesia | 7% | - Pain Control
|
| Topic 5: Diagnostic Imaging | 7% | - Imaging Techniques
|
| Topic 6: Anesthesia | 15% | - Anesthetic Procedures
|
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 12% | - Medication Preparation
|
| Topic 8: Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | 8% | - Emergency Procedures
|
| Topic 9: Surgical Nursing | 11% | - Perioperative Procedures
|
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NEW QUESTION # 1189
Cornified cells found on a canine vaginal smear indicate which of the following?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Cornified cells (keratinized cells) on a canine vaginal smear indicate estrus.
During proestrus, cornification begins to form a protective lining within the vagina. During estrus, epithelial cells continue to cornify until metestrus, when dogs shed the cornified lining.
Cornified cells on a vaginal smear do not indicate vaginitis, vaginosis, or pregnancy. A pH higher than 4.5 can indicate vaginitis; a strong fishy odor can indicate vaginosis, and an elevated relaxin level can indicate pregnancy.
NEW QUESTION # 1190
Which of the following is not contagious to humans?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Demodicosis is caused by Demodex canis, a microscopic mite that typically overgrows on young, geriatric, or immunocompromised dogs. Demodicosis is not contagious to humans.
Sarcoptic mange is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, a microscopic mite; leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira, a water-borne bacterium; and cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite: these are all zoonotic, infectious to humans from animals.
NEW QUESTION # 1191
What type of cleaning and sterilization is recommended for use with endoscopes?
Answer: D
Explanation:
To answer this question, you want to think about what you are trying to accomplish and if it is feasible. Endoscopes are manually cleaned after disassembly. An enzymatic cleaner should be used to break up organic matter and remove debris (many products are inactivated by organic matter). Always use products approved for use on the endoscope and its working parts. Once sufficient time has passed, rinsing the scope and components with distilled water is appropriate. Purging the channels without caps is also warranted before embarking on the disinfection process to help lessen contamination and dilution of the disinfection process.
High-level disinfection (HDL) is then recommended. The endoscopy cannot tolerate sterilization via ethylene oxide (gas) or steam-type sterilization methods. HDL is a cleaning modality that can eliminate all microorganisms except bacterial spores present in high numbers. Since endoscopes are semicritical items and not likely to contact nonintact skin, these spores are likely inconsequential in most circumstances.
The most commonly used FDA-approved product is Cidex OPA, an alkylating agent. Submerging the unit in this product for 40-60 minutes (and no longer) is sufficient. Once removed, all components must be flushed and rinsed with sterile or filtered water. If the only available option is tap water, it is recommended to have a final rinse with 70% alcohol. Purge the unit with air and hang it to dry or mount it in a well-ventilated area.
Cold sterilization is, in a way, a somewhat high-level disinfection process rather than true sterilization. Still, it is not acceptable for endoscopic instruments and the unit itself. Cold sterilization occurs when instruments are immersed in a disinfectant, thereby reducing contamination. This may be performed on instruments that cannot have repeated exposure to steam, or for which steam sterilization is contraindicated. Alcohol or glutaraldehyde is often used for this type of sterilization.
Flash sterilization is a variation on standard steam methods. The item being flashed is placed in an open tray or rigid container that permits rapid steam penetration. It lacks protective packaging and doesn't provide a means for biological indicators to tell effectiveness. This is often used for items that cannot be packaged and then stored. We may use this for orthopedic scores or plates, but it is not acceptable for use with endoscopic equipment.
NEW QUESTION # 1192
You are about to prep a patient for surgery. You are working at a veterinary practice as a relief technician and unsure of what they use routinely as part of their surgical protocol. Which of the following antiseptic/disinfectant agents would not be satisfactory as a preoperative scrub?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Glutaraldehyde is a phenol used in cold sterilization and is not intended to be used on living tissue. It is effective against bacteria, yeasts, spores, viruses, and fungi. But, if placed on the skin, it can cause irritation and has no residual activity. Historically, phenols (carbolic acids) were used as disinfectants and antiseptic agents; however, they have since been abandoned in favor of safer and more effective products. Additionally, toxicity to various species leads to the need to utilize safer products.
Chlorhexidine products are widely used in veterinary medicine. Classified as a biguanide, it has low-level action but is an efficient antiseptic and disinfectant for cleaning cages and treating superficial wounds and skin infections. When used as a surgical scrub, its residual activity may persist for up to 24 hours. It can also be used to lavage wounds when used at a 1:40 dilution (2% solution), and the dilution prevents cytotoxicity.
Alcohols are fast-acting, leave no residue, are non-corrosive, and are effective against MRSA. They are ineffective against bacterial spores or fungi. Isopropyl alcohol is most commonly used in medical applications but can come in various preparations. Additionally, products on the market may combine this with chlorhexidine for preoperative skin preparation. Still, because of cytotoxicity and pain, alcohol-based products should not be used on open wounds.
Finally, povidone-iodine, also commonly used as either a surgical hand scrub or preoperative patient prep, effectively destroys most bacteria except mycobacteria and spores and is also effective against viruses, yeast, and fungi, protozoa. It is fast-acting with residual activity lasting about 4-6 hours. However, it is inactivated by organic debris and alcohols. It may be combined with alcohol for preoperative skin prep as a one-step solution. This combination product has a rapid onset but extends the residual activity to at least 1 day.
NEW QUESTION # 1193
What causes mucous membranes to appear cyanotic?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cyanotic is an adjective describing purple to blue-tinged mucous membranes. It results from inadequate oxygenation. However, the patient is likely critical by the time the mucous membranes show signs of purple to blue undertones, as it is a late sign of poor respiratory function.
Cyanosis is not related to dehydration, hypovolemia, or anemia.
NEW QUESTION # 1194
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