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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique |
| Topic 2: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 3: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Topic 4: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
| Topic 5: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance |
| Topic 6: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology |
| Topic 7: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 8: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 9: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Topic 10: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
The AAVSB VTNE exam questions pdf is properly formatted to give candidates the asthenic and unformatted information they need to succeed in the VTNE exam. In addition to the comprehensive material, a few basic and important questions are highlighted and discussed in the VTNE Exam Material file. These questions are repeatedly seen in past Veterinary Technician National Exam exam papers. The Veterinary Technician National Exam practice questions are easy to access and can be downloaded anytime on your mobile, laptop, or MacBook.
NEW QUESTION # 106
You are asked to place a catheter for venous access for a patient needing to go on an isotonic fluid. Peripheral veins may be used with fluids of what osmolality?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The normal osmolality of blood tends to be between about 280-310 milliosmoles (mOsms)/L. Isotonic fluids are those with osmolalities equal to that of blood, whereas hypotonic solutions would fall below 280, and hypertonic would be above 310 mOsms/L.
Peripheral catheters are commonly used for fluids less than or equal to 600 mOsms/L. Fluids higher in osmolality can cause damage to the veins (phlebitis).
Total parenteral nutrition carries an osmolality of 840 mOsms/L. 900 (mOsms)/L would be consistent with a 3% hypertonic solution (3% NaCl) vs. the commonly isotonic 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) fluid used peripherally, with an osmolality of only 308. Finally, < 500 and > 300 mOsms/L would not be accurate because that would not include isotonic fluids commonly used, such as NaCl, Plasma-Lyte, Normosol R, or lactated Ringer's (LR).
NEW QUESTION # 107
You need to take blood from an iguana today, and you want to ensure you only take what is necessary to run your blood panels. What is the maximum blood volume you can collect from your reptilian patient?
Answer: A
Explanation:
When taking blood from neonates, birds, and reptiles, the rule of thumb is to ensure you take no more than 1% of the pet's body weight and only take what is absolutely necessary to run the required tests.
In this answer, we do not give the animal's weight, so a specific volume cannot be chosen, making 1 mL and 2.5 mL both incorrect. 0.5% of the animal's body weight, while an acceptable volume, may be insufficient to run all tests and isn't the maximum safe allowable volume.
NEW QUESTION # 108
You are caring for a dog with pneumonia and monitoring oxygenation status over time. Which of the following is the most accurate for assessing oxygen status?
Answer: A
Explanation:
While the most invasive, an arterial blood gas is the most accurate when measuring oxygen saturation. It involves using a placed arterial line, most commonly in the metatarsal artery, or a blood gas sample via syringe. It allows one to accurately assess the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (PaO2). When < 60 mm Hg, mechanical ventilation may be required. It also accurately assesses the partial pressure of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in arterial blood where values > 60 mm Hg may require ventilator use. The use of an arterial blood sample and blood gas evaluation best depicts the patient's oxygen status.
SaO2 represents the percentage of available hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen when measured on a blood gas.
SpO2, while less invasive, is potentially the least accurate of the options. Readings are obtained via a pulse oximeter with < 92% suggesting hypoxia. However, various factors can lead to high or low false readings, including pigmented skin/gums, human error, motion artifact, cardiac arrhythmias, and equipment malfunction. Animals with smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide (CO) exposure will not have accurate readings. It measures what is bound to hemoglobin, and CO binds more strongly to the Hb than oxygen. Since the way pulse oximetry works is simply by detecting oxygenated vs. deoxygenated Hb, it will falsely read higher than it is when carboxyhemoglobin is present.
Capnography monitors the partial pressure of CO2 & ETCO2. However, this is done by attaching to an endotracheal tube or a nasal catheter. While non-invasive in and of itself, it is most commonly performed in animals under anesthesia, on a ventilator, or who are severely debilitated. When elevated CO2 is detected, hypercarbia suggests decreased ventilation. When the value is low, it could be hypoxia, reduced ventilation, or pain.
NEW QUESTION # 109
When developing an anesthetic plan, one often selects pre-anesthetic medications. All of the following represent advantages of using a premedication protocol except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
Premedication or preanesthetics such as anticholinergics, tranquilizers, sedatives, opioids, anti-nausea/anti-vomiting medications, and neuroleptanalgesics are commonly used as part of a multi-modal anesthetic approach. A variety of factors go into the selection of which drugs to make part of the premedication protocol. Sometimes, it is as simple as what a practice establishes as its standard operating procedure. Other times, it is veterinarian preference, but regardless of what medications are chosen, they must be selected based on what is the safest and in the best interest of the animal.
Advantages to using these types of medications include:
*Decrease anxiety
*Calm patients before anesthesia, even creating mild sedation
*Help facilitate all stages of anesthesia, from a safer induction to requiring fewer medications intra-op; thus, a smoother anesthetic period and safer recovery
*Decrease the total dose of induction agent and inhalant needed for the procedure
*Muscle relaxation
*Prevent windup
*Aid in safe handling for catheter placement and preop evaluation if needed
*Decrease secretions
*Provide pain management
Disadvantages are minimal but may include:
*The cost could be a concern, but by building it into the cost of the procedure and part of the anesthetic costs, this becomes irrelevant. When balanced out by the fact that by using these types of medications, you reduce the amount of gas and injectable induction agents needed, the cost balances out overall.
*Time constraints, some may argue, is a disadvantage. Preanesthetics given SQ may take 20 or more minutes to reach peak effect; additionally, in fasted patients, absorption via this mode of injection is less predictable if they are a bit dehydrated.
*Some opioids, without an antiemetic, can cause vomiting, commonly seen with morphine and hydromorphone. However, methadone has antiemetic properties.
*Finally, some medications can cause aberrant behavior, hyperactivity or somnolence, and even aggressiveness.
NEW QUESTION # 110
How many major equine blood systems are there?
Answer: B
Explanation:
There are 8 different major equine blood systems. In addition, within 7 of those 8 systems, there are 34 blood factors. Because of this wide range of possibilities, there is no common equine blood type.
NEW QUESTION # 111
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