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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: OS Fundamentals | - Describe fundamental principles and core concepts of operating systems - Demonstrate various techniques and tools to manage operating systems - Identify common privacy and security concepts that could be implemented in operating systems |
| Topic 2: Data Profiling | - Apply fundamental concepts and subsetting techniques to a dataset - Utilize a programming language to manipulate arrays and discover insights |
| Topic 3: Basic Program Design | - Identify variables and data types within a programming language - Explain how to store, access, and manipulate data in lists - Use functions, methods, and packages to leverage programming language |
| Topic 4: Algorithm Efficiency | - Describe the relationships between algorithm complexity and data structures - Choose an appropriate algorithm searching method based on a given scenario - Choose an appropriate sorting algorithm method based on a given scenario |
>> Foundations-of-Computer-Science Lab Questions <<
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NEW QUESTION # 68
Which method allows a user to convert a string value to all capital letters in Python?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Python, strings are objects of type str, and the language provides many built-in string methods for common transformations. The standard method used to convert all alphabetic characters in a string to uppercase is upper(). For example, "Hello, World".upper() produces "HELLO, WORLD". This method is part of Python's core string API and is documented as returning anewstring because strings are immutable in Python; the original string is not modified.
Options A and D resemble methods from other programming languages. For instance, toUpperCase() is commonly seen in Java and JavaScript, not Python. Option B, makeUpper(), is not a standard method in Python's str type. Python's naming conventions for built-in methods are typically short and lowercase, which is consistent with upper(), lower(), strip(), and replace().
It is also important to note what upper() does and does not do. It affects letters according to Unicode case-mapping rules, so it works beyond ASCII and supports many languages. Non-alphabetic characters such as digits, punctuation, and whitespace remain unchanged. Because the method returns a new string, it supports functional-style programming and safe reuse of the original data. In many textbook examples, upper() is paired with input normalization tasks, such as case-insensitive comparisons and cleaning user-entered text.
NEW QUESTION # 69
How can someone subset the last two rows and columns of a 2D NumPy array?
Answer: A
Explanation:
NumPy slicing uses the same start/stop rules as Python sequences, and it also supports negative indices to count from the end. In a 2D array, slicing is written as array[rows, columns]. To get thelast two rows, you use
-2: in the row position, meaning "start two rows from the end and go to the end." Similarly, to get thelast two columns, you use -2: in the column position. Combining these gives array[-2:, -2:], which selects the bottom- right 2×2 subarray.
Option A, array[-2:, :], selects the last two rows butall columns, so it is not restricted to the last two columns.
Option D, array[:, -2:], selects all rows but only the last two columns. Option B, array[-1:, -1:], selects only the last row and the last column, producing a 1×1 (or 1×1 view) subarray, not a 2×2.
This kind of slicing is widely taught because it is essential for matrix operations, extracting submatrices, working with sliding windows, and manipulating image or time-series data where "take the last k observations/features" is common. Negative indexing reduces errors and makes code clearer, especially compared with computing explicit indices like array[rows-2:rows, cols-2:cols].
NEW QUESTION # 70
What is the expected output of calling .shape on a NumPy 2D array?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In NumPy, every ndarray has a shape attribute that describes the size of the array along each dimension. For a
2D array, shape returns a tuple with two integers: (number_of_rows, number_of_columns). For example, if a
= np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), then a.shape is (2, 3), meaning 2 rows and 3 columns. This is a fundamental idea in matrix and array computing, because shape governs how indexing, slicing, broadcasting, and linear algebra operations behave.
Option A describes the dtype, which can be accessed with a.dtype, not a.shape. Option C is incorrect because shape provides per-dimension sizes, not their sum. Option D refers to the total number of elements, which NumPy provides via a.size (or equivalently np.prod(a.shape)).
Textbooks emphasize shape because many errors in numerical computing come from mismatched dimensions. For example, matrix multiplication requires compatible inner dimensions, and broadcasting rules depend on dimension sizes. By checking .shape, programmers can verify their data layout before applying algorithms, ensuring rows represent observations and columns represent features (or vice versa). Thus, for a 2D NumPy array, .shape indicates the number of rows and columns.
NEW QUESTION # 71
What is traversal in the context of trees and graphs?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In data structures and algorithms,traversalrefers to systematicallyvisiting nodesin a tree or graph in order to process them. "Visiting" typically means performing some operation at each node, such as reading its value, marking it as seen, computing a property, or collecting it into an output structure. Traversal is foundational because many algorithms-search, path finding, connectivity checks, topological analysis, and evaluation of expressions-are built on traversal patterns.
Intrees, traversal has classic forms: preorder, inorder, and postorder depth-first traversals, as well as breadth- first traversal (level-order). Each defines a rule for the order in which nodes are visited relative to their children. Ingraphs, traversal must additionally handle the possibility of cycles and multiple paths; textbooks therefore emphasize maintaining a "visited" set to avoid infinite loops. The two principal graph traversal strategies areDepth-First Search (DFS)andBreadth-First Search (BFS). DFS explores along a path as far as possible before backtracking, while BFS explores layer by layer outward from a start node.
Options A, B, and C do not define traversal. Changing values may happen during traversal, but it is not what traversal means. Removing all nodes is deletion, not traversal. Connecting all nodes is not a standard traversal concept. The correct definition is the process of visiting all nodes (typically reachable from a starting node, or all nodes in the structure if fully connected).
NEW QUESTION # 72
What stores the location of the next node in a linked list?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A linked list is a dynamic data structure made up of nodes, where each node typically contains two components: a data field (the value being stored) and a link field (commonly called a pointer or reference).
The pointer's role is to store the memory address (or reference) of the next node in the sequence, thereby maintaining the logical order of the list even though nodes may be scattered throughout memory. This is a key contrast with arrays, which store elements contiguously and rely on index arithmetic to locate the next element.
Because each node explicitly points to the next node, linked lists support efficient insertion and deletion operations compared with arrays. To insert a node, you allocate it and then adjust pointers so it fits into the chain. To delete a node, you redirect the pointer of the previous node to skip over the removed node.
Traversal is performed by starting at the head node and repeatedly following the pointer until a null reference indicates the end of the list.
The other options do not correctly describe what stores the location of the next node. An index is used in array-like structures, not in a standard linked list node. The value is the payload data, not the link.
The "header" (often called the head pointer) is an external reference to the first node, not the field inside each node that links to the next. Therefore, the correct answer is the pointer.
NEW QUESTION # 73
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