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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Propositional and predicate logic - Set theory, relations, functions - Proof techniques and mathematical induction |
| Topic 2: Data Structures | 20% | - Trees, graphs, hash tables - Data storage and retrieval principles - Primitive and composite data types - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues |
| Topic 3: Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Memory hierarchy and performance - Instruction sets and execution cycles - Von Neumann architecture - CPU, memory, I/O systems |
| Topic 4: Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Basic syntax and control structures - Programming paradigms - Testing and debugging fundamentals - Software development lifecycle |
| Topic 5: Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Sorting and searching algorithms - Recursion and iterative structures - Algorithm design and analysis - Big O notation, time and space complexity |
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NEW QUESTION # 14
What happens if you try to create a NumPy array with different types?
Answer: D
Explanation:
When NumPy constructs an ndarray, it chooses a single data type called the dtype for the entire array. This is a defining feature of NumPy arrays: unlike Python lists, which can hold mixed object types freely, a NumPy array is designed for efficient numerical computation by storing values in a uniform, contiguous representation. Therefore, if you provide mixed types at creation time, NumPy will select a dtype that can represent all provided values and will convert elements as needed.
This process is commonly described as type promotion or coercion to a common type. For example, mixing integers and floats produces a float array because floats can represent integers without loss of generality.
Mixing numbers and strings often results in a string dtype (or, in some cases, an object dtype), because numbers can be converted to their string representations. Once the dtype is chosen, the array behaves consistently under vectorized operations appropriate for that dtype.
Option B correctly summarizes this textbook behavior: the array will contain a single type, converting all elements to that type. Option A is too absolute-many mixed-type arrays still support calculations depending on the resulting dtype. Option C is vague and misses the crucial fact that conversion occurs. Option D is not how NumPy works; it never automatically splits inputs into multiple arrays by type.
Understanding dtype coercion matters because it affects memory usage, performance, and whether numerical operations behave as expected.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which process is designed to establish the identity of the user such as with a username and password?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Authenticationis the security process of proving or establishing a user's identity. In textbook terminology, authentication answers the question: "Who are you?" Common authentication factors include something you know (password, PIN), something you have (smart card, hardware token), and something you are (biometrics). Username and password is the classic "something you know" mechanism, where the username identifies the account and the password serves as a secret used to validate that the user is the rightful owner of that account.
Authentication is distinct fromauthorization, which determines what an authenticated user is allowed to do (permissions, roles). It is also distinct from registration, which is the administrative act of creating an account or enrolling a user in a system. "Verification" is a general term that can appear in many contexts, but in security frameworks the precise term for identity establishment is authentication. "Certification" usually refers to issuing or validating credentials such as digital certificates (PKI) or professional certifications, not the act of logging in with a password.
Textbooks emphasize that authentication should be strengthened with practices like hashing and salting passwords, multi-factor authentication (MFA), lockout policies, and secure transport (e.g., TLS) to prevent credential theft. The core concept remains: the process that establishes identity using credentials like a username and password is authentication.
NEW QUESTION # 16
What type of encryption is provided by encryption utilities built into the file system?
Answer: D
Explanation:
File system encryption utilities are designed to protect datastored on a disk-for example, files on an SSD, HDD, or other persistent storage. This protection is calledencryption at rest. The key idea is that if an attacker steals the physical drive, gains access to a powered-off machine, or otherwise reads storage directly, the raw bytes on disk remain unreadable without the correct cryptographic key. Common textbook examples include full-disk encryption and per-file encryption supported by operating systems and file systems.
This differs fromencryption in motion(also called encryption in transit), which protects data while it is being transmitted over networks, such as via TLS/HTTPS, VPNs, or secure messaging protocols. File system utilities do not primarily address network transmission; they address stored data confidentiality. Option B,
"encryption authentication," is not a standard category; authentication is a security goal often achieved using mechanisms like digital signatures, MACs, certificates, and protocol handshakes, not a type of file system encryption. Option D, steganography, is the practice of hiding information within other data (like images or audio) rather than encrypting it for confidentiality.
In short, file system encryption utilities aim to ensure that stored files remain confidential if storage is accessed without authorization, which is precisely the definition of encryption at rest.
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is the purpose of the pointer element of each node in a linked list?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a singly linked list, each node is a small record that typically contains two main parts: a data field and a pointer field. The data field stores the actual value being kept in the list. The pointer field stores the address or reference of another node. The pointer element's purpose is to connect one node to the next by indicating where the next node is located in memory. This is essential because linked-list nodes are not stored in contiguous memory locations the way array elements are. Nodes may exist anywhere in memory, and the pointer is what preserves the logical sequence of the list.
This design supports efficient structural changes. For traversal, a program starts at the head node and repeatedly follows the pointer to reach subsequent nodes. For insertion, a new node can be added by adjusting a small number of pointers instead of shifting many elements, as would be required in an array. For deletion, the list can "skip over" a node by updating the pointer in the previous node to reference the node after the removed one. The end of the list is typically represented by a null pointer value, signaling there is no next node.
Keeping track of list size or current position is not the responsibility of each node's pointer field; these are usually handled by separate variables or computed during traversal.
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the name of the tool that can allow a device to run more than one operating system at a time as virtual machines?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Ahypervisoris the software layer that enables virtualization-running multiple operating systems concurrently on the same physical hardware as separate, isolated virtual machines (VMs). Operating systems textbooks describe the hypervisor as managing and multiplexing core hardware resources such as CPU, memory, storage, and I/O devices among multiple guest operating systems. Each VM behaves as if it has its own hardware, while the hypervisor enforces isolation and schedules resource usage.
Hypervisors come in two broad categories.Type 1 (bare-metal)hypervisors run directly on the hardware (common in data centers), whileType 2 (hosted)hypervisors run as applications on top of a host OS (common on desktops). In both cases, the hypervisor is the key tool that makes "more than one OS at a time" possible.
System Restore is a recovery feature, not a virtualization platform. A partition manager can split a disk into multiple partitions, which can support dual-boot setups, but that runs only one OS at a time, not concurrently as VMs. A bootloader selects which OS to start at boot time; again, that is not simultaneous virtualization. Therefore, the correct tool that allows running multiple operating systems simultaneously as virtual machines is the hypervisor.
NEW QUESTION # 19
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