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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Isolation & multi-tenancy - Pod Security Standards - Security contexts - Secret management - OPA/Gatekeeper implementation |
| Topic 2: Cluster Hardening | 15% | - API access restriction - Component updates & vulnerability mitigation - RBAC configuration - Service account security |
| Topic 3: Cluster Setup | 15% | - Binary verification - CIS benchmark compliance - Node metadata protection - Network security policies - Secure Ingress configuration |
| Topic 4: Monitoring, Logging and Runtime Security | 20% | - Container immutability - Audit log configuration - Behavioral analytics - Incident investigation - Threat detection (Falco) |
| Topic 5: System Hardening | 10% | - Minimize OS attack surface - Network access control - Least privilege IAM - Kernel hardening (AppArmor, seccomp) |
| Topic 6: Supply Chain Security | 20% | - SBOM & CI/CD security - Permitted registries - Static analysis tools - Image security & scanning - Signed artifacts & verification |
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NEW QUESTION # 26
SIMULATION
Cluster: qa-cluster
Master node: master Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context qa-cluster
Task:
Create a NetworkPolicy named restricted-policy to restrict access to Pod product running in namespace dev.
Only allow the following Pods to connect to Pod products-service:
1. Pods in the namespace qa
2. Pods with label environment: stage, in any namespace
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
NEW QUESTION # 27
Cluster: scanner Master node: controlplane Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context scanner
Given: You may use Trivy's documentation.
Task: Use the Trivy open-source container scanner to detect images with severe vulnerabilities used by Pods in the namespace nato.
Look for images with High or Critical severity vulnerabilities and delete the Pods that use those images. Trivy is pre-installed on the cluster's master node. Use cluster's master node to use Trivy.
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 28
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context prod-account
Context:
A Role bound to a Pod's ServiceAccount grants overly permissive permissions. Complete the following tasks to reduce the set of permissions.
Task:
Given an existing Pod named web-pod running in the namespace database.
1. Edit the existing Role bound to the Pod's ServiceAccount test-sa to only allow performing get operations, only on resources of type Pods.
2. Create a new Role named test-role-2 in the namespace database, which only allows performing update operations, only on resources of type statuefulsets.
3. Create a new RoleBinding named test-role-2-bind binding the newly created Role to the Pod's ServiceAccount.
Note: Don't delete the existing RoleBinding.
Answer:
Explanation:
$ k edit role test-role -n database
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-06-04T11:12:23Z"
name: test-role
namespace: database
resourceVersion: "1139"
selfLink: /apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/database/roles/test-role uid: 49949265-6e01-499c-94ac-5011d6f6a353 rules:
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- * # Delete
- get # Fixed
$ k create role test-role-2 -n database --resource statefulset --verb update
$ k create rolebinding test-role-2-bind -n database --role test-role-2 --serviceaccount=database:test-sa Explanation
[desk@cli]$ k get pods -n database
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS
web-pod 1/1 Running 0 34s run=web-pod
[desk@cli]$ k get roles -n database
test-role
[desk@cli]$ k edit role test-role -n database
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-06-13T11:12:23Z"
name: test-role
namespace: database
resourceVersion: "1139"
selfLink: /apis/rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/database/roles/test-role uid: 49949265-6e01-499c-94ac-5011d6f6a353 rules:
- apiGroups:
- ""
resources:
- pods
verbs:
- "*" # Delete this
- get # Replace by this
[desk@cli]$ k create role test-role-2 -n database --resource statefulset --verb update role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2 created [desk@cli]$ k create rolebinding test-role-2-bind -n database --role test-role-2 --serviceaccount=database:test-sa rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2-bind created Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/ role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2 created
[desk@cli]$ k create rolebinding test-role-2-bind -n database --role test-role-2 --serviceaccount=database:test-sa rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2-bind created
[desk@cli]$ k create role test-role-2 -n database --resource statefulset --verb update role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2 created [desk@cli]$ k create rolebinding test-role-2-bind -n database --role test-role-2 --serviceaccount=database:test-sa rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/test-role-2-bind created Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac/
NEW QUESTION # 29
Cluster: dev
Master node: master1
Worker node: worker1
You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context dev
Task:
Retrieve the content of the existing secret named adam in the safe namespace.
Store the username field in a file names /home/cert-masters/username.txt, and the password field in a file named /home/cert-masters/password.txt.
1. You must create both files; they don't exist yet.
2. Do not use/modify the created files in the following steps, create new temporary files if needed.
Create a new secret names newsecret in the safe namespace, with the following content:
Username: dbadmin
Password: moresecurepas
Finally, create a new Pod that has access to the secret newsecret via a volume:
Namespace: safe
Pod name: mysecret-pod
Container name: db-container
Image: redis
Volume name: secret-vol
Mount path: /etc/mysecret
Answer:
Explanation:
1. Get the secret, decrypt it & save in files
k get secret adam -n safe -o yaml
2. Create new secret using --from-literal
[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass
3. Mount it as volume of db-container of mysecret-pod
Explanation
[desk@cli] $k create secret generic newsecret -n safe --from-literal=username=dbadmin --from-literal=password=moresecurepass secret/newsecret created
[desk@cli] $vim /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: mysecret-pod
namespace: safe
labels:
run: mysecret-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: db-container
image: redis
volumeMounts:
- name: secret-vol
mountPath: /etc/mysecret
readOnly: true
volumes:
- name: secret-vol
secret:
secretName: newsecret
[desk@cli] $ k apply -f /home/certs_masters/secret-pod.yaml
pod/mysecret-pod created
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/username dbadmin
[desk@cli] $ k exec -it mysecret-pod -n safe - cat /etc/mysecret/password moresecurepas
NEW QUESTION # 30
You are running a multi-tenant Kubernetes cluster where different teams deploy their applications. You are tasked with ensuring isolation between teams and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive dat
a. Describe how you can leverage pod security policies (PSP) and network policies to achieve this goal.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Define Pod Security Policies:
- Create separate PSPs for each team with different security constraints:
- Resource Limits: Limit the resources each team's pods can request (CPU, memory).
- Capabilities: Restrict specific capabilities like ' SYS_ADMIN' or 'NET_ADMIN'
- Security Context: Control the user and group IDs, privileged escalation, and SELinux labels for pods.
- Volume Types: Allow only specific types of volumes (e.g., emptyDir, hostPath, persistentV01umeClaim).
- Example PSP for Team A:
2. Apply PSPs to Teams: - Use 'kubectl apply -f team-a-psp.yaml' to apply the PSP for Team A. - Create and apply similar PSPs for other teams. - Apply these PSPs as admission controllers in your cluster to enforce them on all pods. 3. Configure Network Policies: - Define network policies to control communication between pods within different teams: - Ingress Policy: Control whicn pods can initiate connections to pods in otner teams. - Egress Policy: Control which pods can receive connections from pods in other teams. - Example Network Policy for Team A:
4. Apply Network Policies: - Use ' kubectl apply -f team-a-policy-yamp to apply the policy for Team A. - Create and apply similar policies for other teams. Result: - These PSPs and network policies enforce isolation between teams, limiting their access to resources and preventing unauthorized communication. - Teams can deploy their applications within their defined policies, minimizing the risk of cross-team vulnerabilities. - This approach ensures a secure and isolated environment for multi-tenant deployments.
NEW QUESTION # 31
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