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CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q21-Q26):

NEW QUESTION # 21
Sarah is thinking of setting up a charity in the UK which will look after animals that have been abandoned.
What regulations and governing bodies should Sarah be aware of when setting up her charity? (25 Points)

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
How to approach this question
- Your essay should mention at least one regulation and one governing body particular to the charity section and I would recommend these be the Charities Act 2011 and the Charities Commission.
- If you don't know a lot about the sector you can bring up more generalised regulations and governing bodies, such as financial conduct and the Equalities Act, but make sure it's relevant to Sarah. Her charity is a small, local one, so things like Modern Slavery Act will not be appropriate to talk about.
Example Essay
When setting up a charity in the UK, particularly one focused on animal welfare, there are several regulations and governing bodies that Sarah should be aware of. These ensure that the charity operates legally, ethically, and effectively.
A charity's purpose involves raising awareness and helping someone or something, in Sarah's case this will be local animals and potentially their owners. A charity has to satisfy two aspects: The benefit aspect and The public aspect. In the UK, both aspects are regulated by the Charities Act 2011.
To satisfy a benefit aspect, a charity must: have a purpose that must be beneficial to the community it works in - this must be in a way that is identifiable and capable of beingproved by evidence. For Sarah this would be showing that her charity helps animals, potentially by taking them in off the street or removing them from dangerous homes and caring for them.
To satisfy a public aspect, a charity must benefit the public in general, or a sufficient section of the public. In Sarah's case the public benefit may be in removing stray dogs and cats from the streets where they can transport diseases and potentially attack people. Most charities strive to satisfy both aspects but in some cases this is not possible.
All charities are regulated. Because charities are funded by donations from the public, businesses and sometimes from government, their conduct is regulated closely. Key regulatory bodies that Sarah will have to engage with include:
1. Charity Commission for England and Wales:
As the primary regulator for charities in England and Wales, the Charity Commission oversees the registration and regulation of charities. Sarah's organization must meet the legal definition of a charity and apply for registration if its income is over £5,000 per year.
The Commission ensures compliance with the Charities Act, offering guidance on charity governance, financial management, and reporting.
2. HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC):
Charities can apply to HMRC for recognition as a charity for tax purposes. This status allows for tax reliefs and exemptions, including Gift Aid on donations.
HMRC ensures compliance with tax obligations and scrutinizes the use of charity funds.
3. Data Protection:
Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018, any charity handling personal data must ensure its protection and comply with data privacy laws.
4. Health and Safety Executive (HSE):
The HSE provides guidelines for workplace safety, which are important if the charity has employees or volunteers.
In conclusion there are many regulations and bodies that Sarah should be aware of when setting up her charity. Sarah should consider seeking legal advice or consulting with charity advisory services to ensure full compliance with all relevant laws and regulations. Additionally, staying informed about changes in charity law and animal welfare legislation would be beneficial to the smooth operation of her charity.
Tutor Notes
- With case study questions you're not expected to know anything about the specific topic, in this case Animal Charities. If it happens to be something you know about, you can bring in some of your own knowledge, but this isn't a requirement to get a good score. You're not expected to know, for example about the Animal Welfare Act 2006, but if you happen to do so, it could be a nice little thing to add in. Just don't focus your essay on it. However you can make some sensible guesses on what Sarah will be doing, for example I talked about removing stray animals from the street.
- Charities comes up in LO 4.4 p.232

NEW QUESTION # 22
Examine FIVE ways the Blake Corporation procurement team could add value by improving compliance with procurement policies and procedures.
Blake Corporation
Blake Corporation is a mid-sized manufacturing company that specialises in high-quality consumer electronics. Founded in 2010, it has grown steadily over the years, establishing a solid customer base and a reputation for innovation. Over the past decade, Blake Corporation has expanded its product line to include a wide range of consumer electronics, from smartphones to smart home devices. The company's commitment to quality and innovation has earned it a loyal customer base and a competitive position in the market.
Despite its success, Blake Corporation has faced significant challenges in procurement operations. As the company grew, so did its need for more efficient and effective procurement processes. However, the expansion has outpaced the continual development of formal procurement policies. While some good practices are in place, the approach to compliance has been inconsistent. The board of directors has recognised the significance of procurement and its impact on the bottom line, and it has appointed a new procurement director. The new director wants to implement a long-term procurement strategy to standardise category management and work more proactively with other functions, including production, marketing, finance, and research and development, in the short and longer term.
Due to time pressures, the procurement staff adopt an inconsistent approach to following current procedures, resulting in buyers from different teams purchasing materials at varying prices. The procurement director has also assessed the team's skills and noted that there has been an inconsistent training regime, with some staff entering their roles possessing technical expertise but lacking formal procurement training.
While there are a few categories where early buyer involvement occurs, the vast majority resort to a more transactional approach. Furthermore, the procurement director has observed that newer procurement team members are unaware of the formal processes, and recognises that this poses several compliance risks. Consequently, the new procurement director wants to introduce a more robust compliance regime with an updated vision, strategy, and a set of policies and associated procedures.

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below
Explanation:
Improving compliance with procurement policies and procedures can enable Blake Corporation's procurement team to add significant value. This is particularly important given the current inconsistent practices and lack of formal training within the organisation.
1. Cost Control and Standardisation of Pricing
Currently, buyers are purchasing materials at varying prices due to inconsistent approaches. By improving compliance, all procurement staff would follow agreed procedures such as using approved suppliers and negotiated contracts.
This would help standardise pricing across the organisation and prevent maverick spending.
For example, if all buyers use framework agreements, the company can leverage economies of scale and reduce overall costs.
Value added:
Lower procurement costs
Improved budget control
Better financial performance
2. Reduced Risk and Improved Governance
Non-compliance exposes Blake Corporation to risks such as fraud, unethical sourcing, and legal issues. A robust compliance regime ensures that procurement activities follow ethical standards and legal requirements.
For instance, clear approval processes and audit trails can prevent unauthorised purchases.
Value added:
Reduced legal and financial risks
Improved transparency and accountability
Stronger corporate governance
3. Improved Supplier Management and Relationships
Compliance with procurement procedures ensures that suppliers are selected and managed consistently. This allows the organisation to build strategic relationships rather than relying on ad hoc purchasing.
For example, early supplier involvement (which is currently limited) can be encouraged through policy, improving collaboration with key suppliers.
Value added:
Better supplier performance
Opportunities for innovation
More reliable supply
4. Increased Efficiency and Process Consistency
The current inconsistent approach leads to inefficiencies and duplication of effort. By standardising processes and ensuring all staff follow them, procurement activities become more streamlined.
For example, clear procedures for sourcing and ordering reduce delays and confusion among staff.
Value added:
Faster procurement cycles
Reduced administrative workload
Greater operational efficiency
5. Enhanced Skills and Professionalism
The case highlights inconsistent training and lack of formal procurement knowledge among staff. Improving compliance would require structured training and clear communication of policies.
This helps ensure all team members understand procurement best practices and their responsibilities.
For example, onboarding programmes and continuous professional development (CPD) can improve capability.
Value added:
More competent procurement team
Consistent application of best practices
Increased credibility of the procurement function
Conclusion
By improving compliance with procurement policies and procedures, Blake Corporation can achieve better cost control, reduce risks, enhance supplier relationships, increase efficiency, and develop staff capability. This will support the new procurement director's goal of implementing a strategic and value-adding procurement function.

NEW QUESTION # 23
Explain, with examples, the three different ways one can categorise procurement spend: direct vs indirect, capital expenditure vs operational expenditure and stock vs non-stock items. (25 points)

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below.
Explanation:
The knowledge to remember:
A table with text on it Description automatically generated



Essay Plan :
Remember to include examples for each of the six categories of spend. This is specifically asked for in the question so it's important to include as many examples as you can. To do this you could take an example organisation such as a cake manufacturer and explain which of their purchases would fall into each category and why.
Introduction - explain why procurement categorises spend
- Direct - these are items that are incorporated into the final goods (the cakes) so would include raw materials such as flour, eggs, sugar etc
- Indirect - these are items that the company needs, but don't go into the end product. For example, cleaning products and MRO supplies for the machines
- Capital Expenditure- these are large one-off purchases, such as buying a new piece of equipment such as a giant oven to cook the cakes.
- Operational Expenditure - these are purchases that are required to ensure the business can function day-to- day. They may include PPE for the workers in the factory and cleaning equipment
- Stock items - these are items procured in advance and held in inventory until they are needed. In a cake manufacturing factory this could be PPE for staff such as hairnets and gloves. The organisation will buy these in bulk and keep them in a stock cupboard, using these as and when they are required
- Non- stock items - items that are not stored and used right away. An example would be eggs- these will need to be put directly into the cakes as they would go off if bought in advance.
Conclusion - the categories are not mutually exclusive - an item can be direct and operational, or indirect and stock. Different companies may use different systems to classify items of spend.
Example Introduction and Conclusion
Introduction
Procurement categorizes spend to efficiently manage resources and make strategic decisions. Three primary ways of categorizing procurement spend include distinguishing between direct and indirect spend, classifying expenditures as capital or operational, and categorizing items as stock or non-stock. These distinctions aid organizations in optimizing their procurement strategies for better resource allocation.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, categorizing procurement spend into direct vs. indirect, capital vs. operational, and stock vs.
non-stock items is essential for strategic resource management. While these categories provide a structured framework, they are not mutually exclusive, as an item can fall into multiple categories. For example, an item may be both direct and operational or indirect and stock. The flexibility of these categories allows organizations to tailor their procurement strategies based on their specific needs, ensuring efficient resource allocation and effective supply chain management. Different companies may adopt varying categorization approaches depending on their industry, size, and operational requirements.
Tutor notes:
- Because you've got 6 categories of spend to talk about you're only going to need 3-4 sentences for each.
Providing you've said the category, explained what it is and given one example, you'll absolutely fly through this type of question
- You could also mention that it is useful to use categories of spend as this helps with budgeting. Different categories may also have different processes to follow for procuring the item (this could form part of your introduction or conclusion).
- This subject is LO 1.3.2 it's quite spread out in the text book but the main info is on p.49
- Note- different companies/ industries classify items of spend differently. Particularly packaging and salaries.
Some say they're direct costs and some say they're indirect costs. Honestly, it's a hotly debated subject and I don't think there is a right or wrong. I'd just avoid those two examples if you can and stick to ones that aren't as contentious like eggs and PPE.

NEW QUESTION # 24
What is a P2P system (5 points)? Explain the impact that using IT systems can have on the way the Procurement department of an organisation functions (25 points).

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below
Explanation:
- Definition of P2P - Purchase to Pay or Procure to Pay is the process an organisation takes from ordering a product to paying for it. The main stages of this process are product ordering, supplier requisition to pay, budget authorisation, receipt of delivery, and invoice processing.
- Impact of using IT Systems - can include the use of these systems: EPOS, barcodes/ RDIF, e-commerce systems such as POs and invoicing, and electronic communications such as email. Impacts can be; increased productivity, quicker processes, higher levels of visibility, increased responsiveness to demands, cost savings, less paper used, supplier relationships are managed virtually rather than in person. Generally the impacts are positive, but you could also discuss some disadvantages or challenges a department might face as the question is quite open.
Example Essay
A Procure-to-Pay system is a comprehensive solution that automates and integrates the procurement process within an organization, covering the entire lifecycle from requisitioning goods or services to making payments to suppliers.
The P2P process includes the following: a buyer requests an item, they put in a requisition, it is accepted by the supplier, the item is delivered and the item is then paid for. The order of the steps may be different depending on the industry / requirement (e.g. sometimes payment is made before delivery), or sometimes there are additional steps such as getting the requisition approved by a manager.
Nowadays the P2P process is mainly digitalised- orders are made online or via a PO system and payment is made via BACS. It is not common to pay for items in cash or by cheque any more. This digitalisation has had many effects on the way the procurement department functions. The P2P system streamlines and standardizes the purchasing process, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and control.
The integration of Information Technology (IT) systems has a profound impact on the functioning of the Procurement department within an organization. This digital transformation brings about significant improvements in efficiency, transparency, collaboration, and decision-making processes. Some of the key impacts include:
- Raised productivity - using IT systems results in quicker processes and they're often more accurate and consistent than humans doing the tasks manually. For example, an electronic requisition system can flag when a requisition isn't completed properly (e.g. part of the requisition is missing or a supplier name has been spelled incorrectly). When doing this manually the errors may not be spotted.
- Innovation - the use of IT means new avenues can be explored in terms of new product markets and new supply chains. Without the use of IT, procurement may be limited to working with local suppliers or those they can find in the phone book. Using IT systems such as e-auctions and even just the internet to complete research, opens up more opportunities to make purchases. This could involve working with international supply chains and result in cost savings for the business.
- Improved business processes - the use of IT means there is more transparency as everything is recorded and it is easier for managers to oversee. This results in less risk exposure for the business, particularly in fraud. The use of IT also standardises processes which makes it easy for everyone to know what to do.
- When IT is used, there is an increased responsiveness of the procurement function - it allows for 24/7/365 ordering compared to making purchases in person in a shop which may only be open 9-5. Moreover , there are paperless communications when IT is used- this has a positive environmental impact
- Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) - IT systems support Supplier Relationship Management by providing tools to assess and manage supplier performance. This can include logging KPIs and tracking supplier performance. SRM functionalities enhance communication, collaboration, and visibility into supplier relationships.
In summary, the integration of IT systems into the Procurement department transforms traditional practices, making processes more streamlined, data-driven, and strategically focused. The impact is not only on operational efficiency but also on the ability of the procurement function to contribute strategically to the organization's overall objectives.
Tutor Notes
- The word impact is quite vague. I've mainly talked about advantages but you could discuss the impact that the use of IT has had on the department, not just in how it functions, but in how it is perceived. IT has professionalised the procurement industry as a whole- it's no longer seen as 'purchasing' but as a vital function within a business that contributes to added value and strategic goals.
- You could also talk about the impact it's had on ways of working. The use of IT has allowed for innovative procurement and manufacturing techniques such as Just-In-Time.The use of IT also ends silo-working, instead allowing for more collaboration with other business departments and the supply chain as a whole.
- LO 3.4 P. 171

NEW QUESTION # 25
Provide a definition of a stakeholder (5 points) and describe 3 categories of stakeholders (20 points).

Answer:

Explanation:
See the solution in Explanation part below
Explanation:
Essay Plan:
Definition of Stakeholder- someone who has a 'stake' or interest in the company. A person or organisation who influences and can be influenced by the company.
Categories of stakeholders:
1) Internal Stakeholders- these people work inside the company e.g. employees, managers etc
2) Connected- these people work with the company e.g. suppliers, mortgage lenders
3) External Stakeholders - these people are outside of the company e.g. the government, professional bodies, the local community.
Example Essay:
A stakeholder is an individual, group, or entity that has a vested interest or concern in the activities, decisions, or outcomes of an organization or project. Stakeholders are those who can be affected by or can affect the organization, and they play a crucial role in influencing its success, sustainability, and reputation. Understanding and managing stakeholder relationships is a fundamental aspect of effective organizational governance and decision-making and there are several different types of stakeholders.
Firstly, internal stakeholders are those individuals or groups directly connected to the daily operations and management of the organization. Internal stakeholders are key to success and are arguably more vested in the company succeeding. They may depend on the company for their income / livelihood. Anyone who contributes to the company's internal functions can be considered an internal stakeholder for example:
This category includes
1) Employees: With a direct influence on the organization's success, employees are critical internal stakeholders. Their engagement, satisfaction, and productivity impact the overall performance.
2) Management and Executives: The leadership team has a significant influence on the organization's strategic direction and decision-making. Their decisions can shape the company's future.
Secondly, connected stakeholders are those individuals or groups whose interests are tied to the organization but may not be directly involved in its day-to-day operations. Connected stakeholders work alongside the organisation and often have a contractual relationship with the organisation. For example, banks, mortgage lenders, and suppliers. These stakeholders have an interest in the business succeeding, but not as much as internal stakeholders. It is important to keep these stakeholders satisfied as the organisation does depend on them to some extent. For example, it is important that the organisation has a good relationship with their bank / mortgage provider/ supplier as failing to pay what they owe may result in the stakeholders taking legal action against the organisation.
This category includes:
1) Shareholders/Investors: Holding financial stakes in the organization, shareholders seek a return on their investment and have a vested interest in the company's financial performance.
2) Suppliers and Partners: External entities providing goods, services, or collaboration. Their relationship with the organization impacts the quality and efficiency of its operations.
Lastly external stakeholders are entities outside the organization that can influence or be influenced by its actions. This category includes anyone who is affected by the company but who does not contribute to internal operations. They have less power to influence decisions than internal and connected stakeholders. External stakeholders include the government, professional bodies, pressure groups and the local community. They have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to influence the organisation. For example, the government may be able to influence the organisation by passing legislation that regulates the industry but they do not have the power to get involved in the day-to-day affairs of the company. Pressure groups may have varying degrees of success in influencing the organisation depending on the subject matter. This category includes:
1) Customers: With a direct impact on the organization's revenue, customers are vital external stakeholders. Their satisfaction and loyalty are crucial for the company's success.
2) Government and Regulatory Bodies: External entities overseeing industry regulations. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for the organization's reputation and legal standing.
In conclusion, stakeholders are diverse entities with a vested interest in an organization's activities. The three categories-internal, connected and external -encompass various groups that significantly influence and are influenced by the organization. Recognizing and addressing the needs and concerns of stakeholders are vital for sustainable and responsible business practices.
Tutor Notes
- The above essay is pretty short and to the point and would pass. If you want to beef out the essay you can include some of the following information for a higher score:
- Stakeholders can be harmed by, or benefit from the organisation (can affect and be affected by the organisation). For example a stakeholder can be harmed if the organisation becomes involved in illegal or immoral practices- e.g. the local community can suffer if the organisation begins to pollute the local rivers. The local community can also benefit from the organisation through increased employment levels.
- CSR argues organisations should respect the rights of stakeholder groups
- Stakeholders are important because they may have direct or indirect influence on decisions
- The public sector has a wider and more complex range of stakeholders as they're managed on behalf of society as a whole. They're more likely to take a rage of stakeholder views into account when making decisions. However, these stakeholders are less powerful - i.e. they can't threaten market sanctions, to withdraw funding, or to quit the business etc.
- The essay doesn't specifically ask you to Map Stakeholders, but you could throw in a cheeky mention of Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix, perhaps in the conclusion. Don't spend time describing it though- you won't get more than 1 point for mentioning it. You'd be better off spending your time giving lots and lots of examples of different types of stakeholders.
- Study guide p. 58

NEW QUESTION # 26
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