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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Airway, Respiration and Ventilation | - Airway Management
|
| Topic 2: Trauma | - Trauma Assessment and Care
|
| Topic 3: Cardiology and Resuscitation | - Cardiac Emergencies
|
| Topic 4: EMS Operations | - Operational Procedures
|
| Topic 5: Medical, Obstetrics and Gynecology | - Medical Emergencies
|
NREMT EMT試験のAPPテストエンジンは、ほとんどの認定候補者がファッションであり、この新しい学習方法に簡単に適応できるため、少なくとも60％の受験者に人気があります。 EMT試験のAPPテストエンジンは、いつでもどこでも使用できると考える人がいます。 また、候補者の一部は、このバージョンでは実際のテストで実際のシーンをシミュレートできると考えています。 ブラウザを開くことができれば、学ぶことができます。 また、オフラインで学習したい場合は、EMT試験のAPPテストエンジンをダウンロードしてインストールした後、キャッシュをクリアしないでください。
質問 # 140
What are the dangers of delivering excessive ventilations to a patient who achieves ROSC following cardiac arrest? Select the two answer options that are correct.
正解：C、D
解説：
The correct answers are A. Lowers cardiac output and C. Reduces cerebral perfusion.
After Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), excessive ventilation (hyperventilation) is dangerous due to its effects on intrathoracic pressure and carbon dioxide levels.
1. Lowers Cardiac Output (A):
Excessive ventilations increase intrathoracic pressure, which decreases venous return to the heart. This leads to:
* Reduced preload
* Decreased cardiac output
NREMT/AHA-aligned guidance states:
* "Excessive ventilation increases intrathoracic pressure, decreasing venous return and cardiac output."
2. Reduces Cerebral Perfusion (C):
Hyperventilation lowers CO# levels (hypocapnia), which causes cerebral vasoconstriction. This results in:
* Reduced blood flow to the brain
* Decreased cerebral perfusion
NREMT-aligned material states:
* "Hyperventilation decreases PaCO#, leading to cerebral vasoconstriction and reduced cerebral blood flow." Why the other options are incorrect:
* B. Depletes oxygen stores: Incorrect-ventilation increases oxygen delivery, not depletion.
* D. Increases pulmonary edema: Not a primary or direct effect of excessive ventilation in this context.
* E. Increases intracranial hemorrhage: Not a recognized direct consequence of hyperventilation in ROSC patients.
Exact Extracts (NREMT/AHA-aligned references):
* "Avoid excessive ventilation... it increases intrathoracic pressure and decreases cardiac output."
* "Hyperventilation reduces carbon dioxide levels, causing cerebral vasoconstriction."
* "This results in decreased cerebral perfusion."
Clinical Priority Summary:
After ROSC, ventilations should be controlled and appropriate, because excessive ventilation can decrease both cardiac output and brain perfusion, making A and C correct.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Cardiology & Resuscitation
American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for CPR and ECC
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP)
質問 # 141
Which of the following conditions would most likely result in pulmonary edema? Select the two correct options.
正解：A、B
解説：
Pulmonary edema is caused by fluid accumulation in the alveoli, impairing gas exchange. It is typically due to:
* Left-sided heart failure: Blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation
* Hypertensive crisis: Increases hydrostatic pressure in the lungs
Anaphylaxis causes vasodilation and bronchospasm, not fluid overload. Increased oncotic pressure would retain fluid in capillaries - the opposite of edema.
References:
NREMT Medical Module - Respiratory and Cardiovascular Integration
AHA ACLS Guidelines - Congestive Heart Failure
AAOS EMT Textbook - Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema
質問 # 142
An EMT has just assisted with the delivery of a newborn. At the five-minute mark, the neonate is completely pink with a pulse of 108/min. The neonate has some flexion of their extremities, but the breathing is still slow.
How should the EMT score the following categories of the APGAR scale? Select the correct value for each sign.
正解：
解説：
Explanation:
Appearance (Skin Color): # 2 points
* The neonate is completely pink.
* APGAR criteria:
* 0 = blue/pale
* 1 = pink body, blue extremities
* 2 = completely pink
Pulse (Heart Rate): # 2 points
* Heart rate is 108/min.
* APGAR criteria:
* 0 = absent
* 1 = < 100/min
* 2 = # 100/min
Activity (Muscle Tone): # 1 point
* The neonate has some flexion of extremities, but not active motion.
* APGAR criteria:
* 0 = limp
* 1 = some flexion
* 2 = active motion
Respirations: # 1 point
* Breathing is slow, not strong crying.
* APGAR criteria:
* 0 = absent
* 1 = slow or irregular respirations
* 2 = strong cry
Total APGAR Score at 5 Minutes: 6 / 10
Interpretation (NREMT-based):
* A score of 6 indicates the newborn requires continued supportive care, such as warming, positioning, stimulation, and close monitoring.
* No immediate chest compressions are indicated because the heart rate is >100/min.
* Respiratory effort should continue to be assessed closely.
This scoring aligns with NREMT neonatal assessment and APGAR scoring guidelines used for evaluating newborn transition after birth.
質問 # 143
A patient has facial drooping, left side paralysis, and slurred speech. The vital signs are BP 160/100, P
100, R 20, and SpO2 96% on room air. Which of the following interventions is appropriate for this patient?
正解：A
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
The patient's symptoms are consistent with astroke (CVA). Proper prehospital care focuses on maintaining airway, breathing, circulation, and protecting the affected limbs.Positioning the patient with head elevated (not supine) reduces intracranial pressure and aspiration risk.
Protecting theparalyzed side (e.g., left arm)from injury during transport is critical. EMS should still communicate with the patient - even if speech is impaired - and perform a stroke assessment using tools likeCincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (CPSS)orFAST.
References:
NREMT Medical Emergencies: Neurological Conditions
AHA Stroke Guidelines - Prehospital Management
National EMS Education Standards - Stroke Assessment Protocols
質問 # 144
A 4-year-old patient has a possible neck injury after a fall and requires immobilization to a spine board. When immobilizing the child, which of the following methods, if either, should the EMT use to place the head in a neutral position?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is B. Place padding under the torso only.
Key Pediatric Anatomical Difference:
Children (especially under ~8 years old) have a larger occiput (back of the head) relative to their body. When lying flat on a backboard:
* The head is naturally pushed forward (flexed position)
* This can compromise the airway and spinal alignment
Correct Technique:
To achieve a neutral airway and spinal alignment:
* Padding is placed under the torso (shoulders/back)
* This raises the body and allows the head to fall into a neutral position NREMT-aligned guidance states:
* "Due to a larger occiput, pediatric patients may require padding under the torso to maintain a neutral airway."
* "Avoid placing padding under the head alone, as this worsens flexion." Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Padding under the head only# Worsens neck flexion, potentially compromising airway
* C. Padding under both head and torso# Unnecessary and may misalign the spine
* D. No padding# Leaves the head in a flexed, non-neutral position
Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
* "Children have a proportionally larger head, causing flexion when supine."
* "Padding under the torso helps achieve neutral alignment."
* "Maintain neutral in-line stabilization during immobilization."
Clinical Priority Summary:
Because pediatric patients naturally fall into neck flexion on a backboard, placing padding under the torso restores neutral alignment, making B the correct answer.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Spinal Immobilization - Pediatrics) NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
質問 # 145
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