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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: IoT & OT Security | 4% | - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Security Controls |
| Topic 2: Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - SQL Injection & Command Injection - Web Server Vulnerabilities - API Security Risks - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - Web Security Countermeasures |
| Topic 3: Sniffing | 5% | - Packet Sniffing Concepts - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - Sniffing Countermeasures - MITM Attacks |
| Topic 4: Denial-of-Service | 4% | - Attack Techniques & Botnets - DoS & DDoS Concepts - DDoS Tools - Defense Mechanisms |
| Topic 5: Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Legal and Ethical Compliance - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Information Security Concepts |
| Topic 6: Malware Threats | 7% | - AI-Powered Malware - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - APT & Fileless Malware - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms |
| Topic 7: Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Wireless Hacking Tools - Security Best Practices |
| Topic 8: Scanning Networks | 8% | - Network Scanning Basics - Host & Port Discovery - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - AI-Assisted Scanning - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Scanning Countermeasures |
| Topic 9: Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - OSINT Techniques - Reconnaissance Concepts - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - Reconnaissance Countermeasures |
| Topic 10: Session Hijacking | 4% | - Hijacking Techniques - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Session Hijacking Concepts - Countermeasures |
| Topic 11: Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Mobile Attack Vectors - Mobile Device Security - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities |
| Topic 12: Cryptography | 5% | - Cryptography in Practice - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Public Key Infrastructure |
| Topic 13: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Evasion Techniques - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Honeypot Concepts & Detection |
| Topic 14: Cloud Computing | 5% | - Cloud Models & Services - Cloud Security Best Practices - Cloud Security Risks - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks |
| Topic 15: Social Engineering | 6% | - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts - Countermeasures & Awareness - Identity Theft |
| Topic 16: System Hacking | 8% | - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Maintaining Access - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Privilege Escalation |
| Topic 17: Enumeration | 7% | - Enumeration Concepts - AI-Driven Enumeration - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures |
| Topic 18: Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Scanning & Analysis Tools - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Vulnerability Research & Databases |
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NEW QUESTION # 123
While testing a web application in development, you notice that the web server does not properly ignore the
"dot dot slash" (../) character string and instead returns the file listing of a folder structure of the server.
What kind of attack is possible in this scenario?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Appropriately controlling admittance to web content is significant for running a safe web worker. Index crossing or Path Traversal is a HTTP assault which permits aggressors to get to limited catalogs and execute orders outside of the web worker's root registry.
Web workers give two primary degrees of security instruments
* Access Control Lists (ACLs)
* Root index
An Access Control List is utilized in the approval cycle. It is a rundown which the web worker's manager uses to show which clients or gatherings can get to, change or execute specific records on the worker, just as other access rights.
The root registry is a particular index on the worker record framework in which the clients are kept. Clients can't get to anything over this root.
For instance: the default root registry of IIS on Windows is C:\Inetpub\wwwroot and with this arrangement, a client doesn't approach C:\Windows yet approaches C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\news and some other indexes and documents under the root catalog (given that the client is confirmed by means of the ACLs).
The root index keeps clients from getting to any documents on the worker, for example, C:\WINDOWS
/system32/win.ini on Windows stages and the/and so on/passwd record on Linux/UNIX stages.
This weakness can exist either in the web worker programming itself or in the web application code.
To play out a registry crossing assault, all an assailant requires is an internet browser and some information on where to aimlessly discover any default documents and registries on the framework.
What an assailant can do if your site is defenselessWith a framework defenseless against index crossing, an aggressor can utilize this weakness to venture out of the root catalog and access different pieces of the record framework. This may enable the assailant to see confined documents, which could give the aggressor more data needed to additional trade off the framework.
Contingent upon how the site access is set up, the aggressor will execute orders by mimicking himself as the client which is related with "the site". Along these lines everything relies upon what the site client has been offered admittance to in the framework.
Illustration of a Directory Traversal assault by means of web application codeIn web applications with dynamic pages, input is generally gotten from programs through GET or POST solicitation techniques. Here is an illustration of a HTTP GET demand URL GET
http://test.webarticles.com/show.asp?view=oldarchive.html HTTP/1.1
Host: test.webarticles.com
With this URL, the browser requests the dynamic page show.asp from the server and with it also sends the parameter view with the value of oldarchive.html. When this request is executed on the web server, show.
asp retrieves the file oldarchive.html from the server's file system, renders it and then sends it back to the browser which displays it to the user. The attacker would assume that show.asp can retrieve files from the file system and sends the following custom URL.
GET
http://test.webarticles.com/show.asp?view=../../../../../Windows/system.ini HTTP/1.1 Host: test.webarticles.com This will cause the dynamic page to retrieve the file system.ini from the file system and display it to the user.
The expression ../ instructs the system to go one directory up which is commonly used as an operating system directive. The attacker has to guess how many directories he has to go up to find the Windows folder on the system, but this is easily done by trial and error.
Example of a Directory Traversal attack via web serverApart from vulnerabilities in the code, even the web server itself can be open to directory traversal attacks. The problem can either be incorporated into the web server software or inside some sample script files left available on the server.
The vulnerability has been fixed in the latest versions of web server software, but there are web servers online which are still using older versions of IIS and Apache which might be open to directory traversal attacks.
Even though you might be using a web server software version that has fixed this vulnerability, you might still have some sensitive default script directories exposed which are well known to hackers.
For example, a URL request which makes use of the scripts directory of IIS to traverse directories and execute a command can be GET
http://server.com/scripts/..%5c../Windows/System32/cmd.exe?/c+dir+c:\ HTTP/1.1 Host: server.com The request would return to the user a list of all files in the C:\ directory by executing the cmd.exe command shell file and run the command dir c:\ in the shell. The %5c expression that is in the URL request is a web server escape code which is used to represent normal characters. In this case %5c represents the character \.
Newer versions of modern web server software check for these escape codes and do not let them through.
Some older versions however, do not filter out these codes in the root directory enforcer and will let the attackers execute such commands.
NEW QUESTION # 124
You are trying to break into a highly secure mainframe system at a bank. Conventional hacking doesn't work because of strong technical defenses. You aim to exploit the human element instead.
How would you proceed?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:
This is a classic example of social engineering. When a system is well-secured technically, attackers often turn to exploiting human vulnerabilities - such as:
* Talking to employees and gaining their trust
* Bribing disgruntled or low-level staff
* Gaining physical access or insider information through manipulation
From CEH v13 Courseware:
* Module 7: Social Engineering
Incorrect Options:
* A: Zero-days are rare and expensive; not always feasible.
* C: DDoS is disruptive, not data-oriented.
* D: MiTM is a complex network-based attack, unlikely effective against a hardened internal mainframe.
Reference:CEH v13 Study Guide - Module 7: Psychological Approaches to Social EngineeringKevin Mitnick's "The Art of Deception" - Real-world examples of insider targeting
NEW QUESTION # 125
You are a penetration tester working to test the user awareness of the employees of the client XYZ. You harvested two employees' emails from some public sources and are creating a client- side backdoor to send it to the employees via email. Which stage of the cyber kill chain are you at?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 126
In the humid afternoon haze of Singapore, certified ethical hacker Priya Rao was performing an authorized red-team assessment for Meridian Analytics, a high-volume financial analytics platform. While testing the archived transaction search feature, she submitted input that appeared as a normal keyword string but contained alternate character representations that differed from typical input patterns. The application processed the request without errors and returned an expanded result set far beyond the intended filtering criteria.
Subsequent analysis confirmed that the backend database had interpreted these alternate representations as valid query instructions, allowing the request to bypass input-filtering mechanisms that normally blocked direct keyword usage. The visible behavior of the application remained consistent, but the underlying query logic had been successfully altered without triggering any defensive controls.
What type of SQL injection technique is being demonstrated in this scenario?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Hex encoding evasion replaces recognizable SQL characters or strings with hexadecimal representations. A filtering component may inspect only the submitted textual form and therefore fail to identify a blocked keyword. If the database or application subsequently decodes or interprets the hexadecimal value, the resulting SQL expression can retain its original meaning and alter the query.
The scenario specifically emphasizes alternate character representations, successful interpretation by the database, and circumvention of keyword-based filtering. Those details identify encoding evasion rather than a different SQL injection channel. HTTP Parameter Fragmentation divides a payload across separate parameters. Out-of-band SQL injection causes the database to communicate through another protocol or channel, such as DNS or HTTP. Heavy-query blind injection infers information by deliberately creating computationally expensive database operations and observing response delays. None of those behaviors appears here.
The correct defense is not an expanded blacklist of encoded variants. Applications should use parameterized queries or prepared statements so that user input remains data rather than executable SQL. Canonicalization should occur before validation, and WAF inspection should supplement-not replace-secure query construction. OWASP's testing guidance expressly describes hexadecimal encoding as replacing original SQL statement characters to evade filters. OWASP SQL injection testing guidance
NEW QUESTION # 127
As part of a quarterly security review at EvoTrans Logistics, a global freight optimization firm, you have been brought in as a senior cybersecurity analyst to audit perimeter firewall configurations across cloud-hosted application clusters. During your investigation, you notice that TCP port 1433 is open on a virtual machine tagged as svc-node-east-14, which was provisioned by a now-defunct third-party vendor. The node is not referenced in any current infrastructure diagrams, yet live traffic logs suggest it is still handling requests during peak hours. No documentation exists regarding its service role, but you are tasked with flagging misconfigurations that may violate policy or expose critical services unnecessarily. Based on your understanding of standard port assignments, you must determine what service this port likely represents and whether its exposure warrants escalation.
Which of the following services is most likely running on this port and requires immediate review?
Answer: A
Explanation:
TCP port 1433 is the well-known default port for Microsoft SQL Server, formally registered as ms-sql-s. In CEH network and perimeter security coverage, identifying services by their default port assignments is a critical reconnaissance and defensive skill. When reviewing firewall rules and exposed services, analysts correlate open ports with their associated protocols to determine risk exposure. Port 1433 is widely recognized as the primary listening port for Microsoft SQL Server instances configured with default settings.
The presence of an undocumented virtual machine actively handling traffic on port 1433 is particularly concerning because database services often store sensitive operational or customer data. If exposed unnecessarily, SQL Server can be targeted for brute-force authentication attacks, SQL injection exploitation, misconfiguration abuse, or exploitation of unpatched vulnerabilities. CEH materials emphasize that database services should not be directly exposed to the internet unless absolutely necessary and must be protected by strict access controls, segmentation, encryption, and monitoring.
Option B, SqlNet, typically refers to Oracle database communication over port 1521. Option D, ms-sql-m, is associated with SQL Server Browser service over UDP 1434, not TCP 1433. Option A, sqlsrv, is not the formal IANA-registered service name for port 1433. Because ms-sql-s is the standard designation for Microsoft SQL Server on TCP port 1433, and given the risk of exposing database services, this finding warrants immediate escalation and review.
NEW QUESTION # 128
......
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