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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 4: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 5: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 6: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 7: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Topic 8: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
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NEW QUESTION # 40
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
NEW QUESTION # 41
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 42
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 43
What are the differences between Ingress and Gateway API?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Ingress provides a comparatively simple API for exposing HTTP and HTTPS applications through host- and path-based routing. Gateway API is a broader, extensible family of resources that separates infrastructure configuration from application routing. Resources such as GatewayClass , Gateway , HTTPRoute , GRPCRoute , TLSRoute , TCPRoute , and UDPRoute model listeners, routes, protocols, ownership, and attachment relationships explicitly.
Gateway API was designed around operational roles. An infrastructure provider can manage the GatewayClass , a cluster operator can provision a Gateway , and an application team can own a route attached to that Gateway. This offers clearer delegation than the single Ingress resource and supports protocols and traffic-management functions beyond the original Ingress model.
The two APIs are not simply different names for identical functionality, so A is false. Option C is also inaccurate because Cilium's implementations of both Ingress and Gateway API integrate with its eBPF datapath and Envoy; Ingress is not inherently an iptables-only implementation. Option D incorrectly limits Gateway API to internal routing. It can expose internet-facing applications through generated LoadBalancer or NodePort Services or through host-network listeners.
Official references
Migrating from Ingress to Gateway ; Gateway API Support .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 44
a requirement to achieve service discovery and load balancing across clusters with Cluster Mesh?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Every cluster participating in a Cilium Cluster Mesh must have a unique cluster name and numeric cluster ID.
The numeric ID becomes part of Cluster Mesh security identities and allows Cilium to distinguish identities originating in different clusters. Reusing an ID would create ambiguity in endpoint identity, policy enforcement, and synchronized service information. Current documentation permits IDs from 1 through 255 under the default scaling configuration.
Geographical colocation is not required. Cluster Mesh is specifically designed to extend connectivity, policy, service discovery, and load balancing across clusters that may reside in different regions, clouds, or premises, provided the documented network-connectivity requirements are satisfied. The clusters also do not need to use an identical Kubernetes distribution or exact Kubernetes version.
Option C is unnecessarily strict. Current Cilium documentation permits connected clusters to differ by no more than one minor Cilium release; exact version equality is not mandatory. Other prerequisites include unique and non-conflicting PodCIDRs, compatible datapath modes, node connectivity, and appropriate inter- cluster communication.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is D.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 45
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