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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic monitoring - Anesthetic protocols and equipment |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
>> VTNE New Study Questions <<
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NEW QUESTION # 399
When possible, which of the following items can be used to protect veterinary care professionals from injured or fearful animals?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Muzzles are harmless to the animal and can protect veterinary professionals from bites. Muzzles may not be an option for brachycephalic facial structures, those with craniofacial injury, or those with tachypnea that need to open mouth breathe.
Choke collars, Elizabethan collars, and splints do not protect veterinary care professionals from animal-related injuries. Choke collars are a type of pressure collar used when training dogs to walk on a leash. Elizabethan collars prevent animals from turning to bite or lick other body parts. Splints are used to support musculoskeletal injuries.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 172.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 241-242.
NEW QUESTION # 400
Mandibular mesioclusion is commonly observed in all of the following breeds except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Class I malocclusions (neutroclusion) occur when one or more teeth are in an abnormal position (misaligned). The maxilla and mandible develop a normal relationship to each other. A Class I tooth may be pointing in the wrong direction or rotated. Common examples include rostral crossbites and linguoversion (also called base-narrow canines).
Class II-III malocclusions affect jaw length rather than tooth position alone.
Class II malocclusions (distoclusion) occur when the maxilla is forward (maxillary prognathism) and the mandible develops caudally (mandibular retrognathism). Other names include brachygnathism, overbite, and parrot mouth. These are most commonly observed in dolichocephalic dogs (long maxilla and narrow skulls).
Class III malocclusions (mesioclusion) occur when the mandible is forward (mandibular prognathism) relative to the maxilla (maxillary retrognathism). Other names include prognathism and underbite. These are commonly observed in brachycephalic dogs.
Additional malocclusions may be described, such as those created by an abnormal number of teeth in the mouth and other abnormalities that are non-specific, such as wry mouth. This simply pertains to various occlusal abnormalities that occur unilaterally.
NEW QUESTION # 401
Which species among all that we commonly treat in veterinary medicine provides the biggest anesthetic challenge?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Sheer patient size and larger breathing circuit volume lead to slow responses to any change in oxygen flow rates or inhalant to return them to an anesthetic plane, should they begin to wake up. Often, a syringe of ketamine with a three-way stopcock is positioned near the fluid port. If the patient starts to stir, 1/5th of the induction dose may be administered to return the patient to the appropriate surgical plane.
Additionally, when compared to other species, horses are more apt during the maintenance phase of anesthesia to develop:
*Hypoxemia
*Hypotension
*Hypoventilation
These occurrences happen with a higher frequency when general anesthesia is used.
Recommendations include arterial catheters and direct blood pressure monitoring for any procedure greater than 1-hour duration. Blood gas sampling from the arterial line (dorsal pedal, facial or transverse artery are common locations) should occur every 30 to 60 minutes or earlier if the patient's condition deems necessary.
Hypoventilation most commonly occurs in dorsal recumbency, and often a ventilator is necessary to prevent this issue.
Hypotension with a mean < 70 mmHg can lead to the development of myopathy. Suppose increased IV fluid rates do not improve blood pressure quickly. In that case, injectable intervention is warranted to prevent hypotension and complications. Dobutamine is generally the first-line drug for this purpose in horses.
Hypoxemia can happen in any equine patient but most commonly is appreciated in obese or pregnant patients, those with intestinal torsions, or those in dorsal recumbency, regardless of the procedure. Causes further include hypoventilation, lung disease, and decreased cardiac output.
NEW QUESTION # 402
In which of the following species would the finding of rouleaux formation on a blood smear cause you to take note and alert the veterinarian of your findings and concerns?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Rouleaux formation represents the stacking of red blood cells, like a bunch of stacked plates or coins. They can be considered normal in some species, especially horses and, to a lesser degree, cats and pigs. This shouldn't give you pause when found in cats, pigs, or horses, unless in excessive numbers. However, if red blood cells are found to be in 3-dimensional clusters, this would represent agglutination. Agglutination represents finding variable-sized red blood cell clumps that are irregularly shaped. They form due to increased numbers of antibodies attached to the cell's surface. This can be a common finding in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA). So, knowing what rouleaux formation looks like and distinguishing it from agglutination is paramount, though not always easy.
When found in dogs, it can indicate a blood smear artifact during slide preparation. Still, it could also be indicative of inflammation (hyperglobulinemia) and the presence of pathology.
NEW QUESTION # 403
Loop diuretics exert their effects through the increased excretion of all except which of the following electrolytes?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Loop diuretics inhibit renal tubular resorption of certain electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, and calcium.
Extracellular fluid follows sodium, so these medications are effective at removing the excessive fluid in congestive heart failure patients.
NEW QUESTION # 404
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