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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cloud Native Architecture | - Microservices and distributed systems
|
| Topic 2: Cloud Native Application Delivery | - CI/CD and deployment strategies
|
| Topic 3: Cloud Security and Governance | - Security fundamentals in cloud native systems
|
| Topic 4: Cloud Native Observability | - Monitoring and logging
|
| Topic 5: Container Orchestration | - Container lifecycle and scheduling
|
| Topic 6: Kubernetes Fundamentals | - Core Kubernetes concepts
|
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NEW QUESTION # 134
Which of the following are tasks performed by a container orchestration tool?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A container orchestration tool (like Kubernetes) is responsible for scheduling, scaling, and health management of workloads, making A correct. Orchestration sits above individual containers and focuses on running applications reliably across a fleet of machines. Scheduling means deciding which node should run a workload based on resource requests, constraints, affinities, taints/tolerations, and current cluster state. Scaling means changing the number of running instances (replicas) to meet demand (manually or automatically through autoscalers). Health management includes monitoring whether containers and Pods are alive and ready, replacing failed instances, and maintaining the declared desired state.
Options B and D include "create images" and "store images," which are not orchestration responsibilities. Image creation is a CI/build responsibility (Docker/BuildKit/build systems), and image storage is a container registry responsibility (Harbor, ECR, GCR, Docker Hub, etc.). Kubernetes consumes images from registries but does not build or store them. Option C includes "debug applications," which is not a core orchestration function. While Kubernetes provides tools that help debugging (logs, exec, events), debugging is a human/operator activity rather than the orchestrator's fundamental responsibility.
In Kubernetes specifically, these orchestration tasks are implemented through controllers and control loops: Deployments/ReplicaSets manage replica counts and rollouts, kube-scheduler assigns Pods to nodes, kubelet ensures containers run, and probes plus controller logic replace unhealthy replicas. This is exactly what makes Kubernetes valuable at scale: instead of manually starting/stopping containers on individual hosts, you declare your intent and let the orchestration system continually reconcile reality to match. That combination-placement + elasticity + self-healing-is the core of container orchestration, matching option A precisely.
NEW QUESTION # 135
Which of the following capabilities are you allowed to add to a container using the Restricted policy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Under the Kubernetes Pod Security Standards (PSS), the Restricted profile is the most locked-down baseline intended to reduce container privilege and host attack surface. In that profile, adding Linux capabilities is generally prohibited except for very limited cases. Among the listed capabilities, NET_BIND_SERVICE is the one commonly permitted in restricted-like policies, so D is correct.
NET_BIND_SERVICE allows a process to bind to "privileged" ports below 1024 (like 80/443) without running as root. This aligns with restricted security guidance: applications should run as non-root, but still sometimes need to listen on standard ports. Allowing NET_BIND_SERVICE enables that pattern without granting broad privileges.
The other capabilities listed are more sensitive and typically not allowed in a restricted profile: CHOWN can be used to change file ownership, SETUID relates to privilege changes and can be abused, and SYS_CHROOT is a broader system-level capability associated with filesystem root changes. In hardened Kubernetes environments, these are normally disallowed because they increase the risk of privilege escalation or container breakout paths, especially if combined with other misconfigurations.
A practical note: exact enforcement depends on the cluster's admission configuration (e.g., the built-in Pod Security Admission controller) and any additional policy engines (OPA/Gatekeeper). But the security intent of "Restricted" is consistent: run as non-root, disallow privilege escalation, restrict capabilities, and lock down host access. NET_BIND_SERVICE is a well-known exception used to support common application networking needs while staying non-root.
So, the verified correct choice for an allowed capability in Restricted among these options is D: NET_BIND_SERVICE.
NEW QUESTION # 136
How many different Kubernetes service types can you define?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Kubernetes defines four primary Service types, which is why C (4) is correct. The commonly recognized Service spec.type values are:
ClusterIP: The default type. Exposes the Service on an internal virtual IP reachable only within the cluster. This supports typical east-west traffic between workloads.
NodePort: Exposes the Service on a static port on each node. Traffic to <NodeIP>:<NodePort> is forwarded to the Service endpoints. This is often used for simple external access in environments without load balancers, or as a building block for other systems.
LoadBalancer: Integrates with a cloud provider (or load balancer implementation) to provision an external load balancer and route traffic to the Service. This is common in managed Kubernetes.
ExternalName: Maps the Service name to an external DNS name via a CNAME record, allowing in-cluster clients to use a consistent Service DNS name to reach an external dependency.
Some people also talk about "Headless Services," but headless is not a separate type; it's a behavior achieved by setting clusterIP: None. Headless Services still use the Service API object but change DNS and virtual-IP behavior to return endpoint IPs directly rather than a ClusterIP. That's why the canonical count of "Service types" is four.
This question tests understanding of the Service abstraction: Service type controls how a stable service identity is exposed (internal VIP, node port, external LB, or DNS alias), while selectors/endpoints control where traffic goes (the backend Pods). Different environments will favor different types: ClusterIP for internal microservices, LoadBalancer for external exposure in cloud, NodePort for bare-metal or simple access, ExternalName for bridging to outside services.
Therefore, the verified answer is C (4).
NEW QUESTION # 137
Which of the following container runtime is planned to be deprecated in Kubernetes 1.20 and high-er?
Answer: B
Explanation:
https://kubernetes.io/blog/2020/12/02/dont-panic-kubernetes-and-docker/
NEW QUESTION # 138
What is the minimum of etcd members that are required for a highly available Kubernetes cluster?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A highly available etcd cluster requires a minimum of three members to maintain quorum and ensure fault tolerance.
NEW QUESTION # 139
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