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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 2: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Topic 3: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 4: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
| Topic 5: Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 6: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance |
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management |
| Topic 8: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Topic 9: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 10: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
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NEW QUESTION # 784
Cornified cells found on a canine vaginal smear indicate which of the following?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Cornified cells (keratinized cells) on a canine vaginal smear indicate estrus.
During proestrus, cornification begins to form a protective lining within the vagina. During estrus, epithelial cells continue to cornify until metestrus, when dogs shed the cornified lining.
Cornified cells on a vaginal smear do not indicate vaginitis, vaginosis, or pregnancy. A pH higher than 4.5 can indicate vaginitis; a strong fishy odor can indicate vaginosis, and an elevated relaxin level can indicate pregnancy.
NEW QUESTION # 785
The transport and shipping of specimens occurs daily in veterinary medicine. Which of the following should not be done when preparing and shipping a wide variety of samples to the appropriate laboratories for evaluation?
Answer: A
Explanation:
When shipping samples to an outside lab, one must ensure that the samples remain viable. Thus, most specimens benefit from refrigeration, which helps organisms stay viable. However, tests that are not looking for organisms, like some blood samples, may need to be frozen or kept at room temperature. As a general rule, it is safe to refrigerate unless told otherwise.
For any commercial carriers and outside lab pick-ups, place all samples into appropriately labeled, zip-locked bags and place them in a courier box or hand them directly to the courier.
Always label specimens with the client's name, date, pet, sample type, and the desired test. Make sure that information aligns with any paperwork that accompanies the bloodwork.
Ensure any commercial transport medium (i.e., culterettes) are adequately sealed. Some of the various containers may have a bit of liquid in them. One needs to ensure any culture tubes, blood tubes, and other samples have the lids tightly secured and are placed in an appropriate bag in case of spillage.
NEW QUESTION # 786
What procedure is commonly used for severe cases of ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in cattle?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Extirpation, which has largely replaced the term enucleation, is the process of removing all contents within the eye socket. Because cosmetics is usually not a consideration, it is common for extirpation to be the treatment of choice for cattle with OSCC.
Cryotherapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy are all types of treatment used in less advanced forms of OSSC.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1210.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 640.
NEW QUESTION # 787
You are caring for a dog with pneumonia and monitoring oxygenation status over time. Which of the following is the most accurate for assessing oxygen status?
Answer: D
Explanation:
While the most invasive, an arterial blood gas is the most accurate when measuring oxygen saturation. It involves using a placed arterial line, most commonly in the metatarsal artery, or a blood gas sample via syringe. It allows one to accurately assess the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (PaO2). When < 60 mm Hg, mechanical ventilation may be required. It also accurately assesses the partial pressure of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in arterial blood where values > 60 mm Hg may require ventilator use. The use of an arterial blood sample and blood gas evaluation best depicts the patient's oxygen status.
SaO2 represents the percentage of available hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen when measured on a blood gas.
SpO2, while less invasive, is potentially the least accurate of the options. Readings are obtained via a pulse oximeter with < 92% suggesting hypoxia. However, various factors can lead to high or low false readings, including pigmented skin/gums, human error, motion artifact, cardiac arrhythmias, and equipment malfunction. Animals with smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide (CO) exposure will not have accurate readings. It measures what is bound to hemoglobin, and CO binds more strongly to the Hb than oxygen. Since the way pulse oximetry works is simply by detecting oxygenated vs. deoxygenated Hb, it will falsely read higher than it is when carboxyhemoglobin is present.
Capnography monitors the partial pressure of CO2 & ETCO2. However, this is done by attaching to an endotracheal tube or a nasal catheter. While non-invasive in and of itself, it is most commonly performed in animals under anesthesia, on a ventilator, or who are severely debilitated. When elevated CO2 is detected, hypercarbia suggests decreased ventilation. When the value is low, it could be hypoxia, reduced ventilation, or pain.
NEW QUESTION # 788
You are asked to give a SQ Librela injection to a dog weighing 20.1-30 kg (44.2-66.1 lbs). The recommended dose is 0.5 mg/kg.
How many mg would you administer?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The recommended Librela dose is a minimum of 0.23 mg/lb OR 0.5 mg/kg of body weight once monthly. Thus, 0.5 mg/kg would be 10-15 mg given subcutaneously once a month.
This is an anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody used to treat osteoarthritis in dogs. It has recently been approved for use in the U.S., though it has been used in other countries for much longer. It can be used as a first-line drug before NSAIDs. It is not labeled for dogs less than 12 months of age, or those lactating, pregnant, or breeding. A dosing chart is available that shows how much of a bottle/how many bottles should be used when certain weight ranges are present to limit the need for calculation. However, we want to ensure we know the correct dosing. The drug comes in various concentrations, and the size of the dog and the mg dose needed help determine which concentration is utilized.
NEW QUESTION # 789
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