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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
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NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the correct statement about the masquerading feature?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Masquerading performs source network address translation for qualifying traffic that leaves the cluster.
Because pod addresses are often private and not routable by the external network, Cilium replaces the pod's source address with an address belonging to the egress node. Return traffic can then reach that node, which reverses the translation and delivers the response to the originating pod. B correctly summarizes this behavior.
Masquerading is a form of SNAT, not DNAT. DNAT modifies the destination address, commonly to direct incoming traffic toward another endpoint, so C is incorrect.
Cilium documents its eBPF-based masquerading implementation as the more efficient implementation. The iptables version is the legacy alternative, making A false. Conversely, eBPF masquerading depends on appropriate kernel eBPF capabilities and Cilium's BPF NodePort functionality. It cannot be assumed to work on every kernel version, so D is false. The legacy iptables implementation is the mode documented as broadly working across kernel versions.
Cilium can exclude natively routable CIDRs from masquerading, and administrators may configure separate IPv4 and IPv6 masquerading behavior.
Official references
Cilium Masquerading , Cilium System Requirements
Study Guide topic: SNAT, native-routing exclusions, and eBPF versus iptables masquerading.
NEW QUESTION # 23 
Cilium status exhibit
Based on the cilium status output above, what is correct about the Cilium deployment?
For accessibility, the output of the command has been edited.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output reports Operator: OK , followed by Deployment cilium-operator Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1 . This establishes that the Cilium Operator is deployed and healthy, making B the intended answer. Cilium uses Kubernetes CustomResourceDefinitions as its default mechanism for storing and propagating cluster state, while the operator performs cluster-wide duties that should be handled once centrally rather than independently on every node.
Option A is contradicted by the exhibit: both hubble-ui and hubble-relay appear as ready deployments and running containers. Option C is incorrect because the resource is explicitly identified as a Deployment ; the cilium agents, by contrast, are shown as a DaemonSet . Option D incorrectly treats the displayed desired replica count as a permanent restriction. A desired count of one describes this installation's current configuration, not a universal maximum.
The exhibit also shows embedded Envoy mode and three healthy Cilium agent instances, but neither detail changes the operator conclusion.
Official references
Cilium Component Overview , Setting up Hubble Observability
Study Guide topic: Cilium components, Cilium Operator, CRD-backed state, and status interpretation.
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which one of the following service mesh features and use cases is natively supported by Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended answer is A because API request limiting corresponds to rate limiting, which Cilium identifies as a core Layer 7 traffic-management capability. Cilium combines its eBPF datapath with Envoy for application-layer processing. The official Service Mesh documentation expressly includes rate limiting among the functions that must understand protocols such as HTTP, REST, gRPC, and WebSocket. It is therefore not merely packet-rate policing at Layer 3 or Layer 4; it can be applied with application-protocol context.
However, this question is no longer valid as a strict single-answer item. Current Cilium documentation also describes proxy-based Layer 7 load balancing as useful for gRPC and provides an Envoy-backed implementation for Kubernetes Services. Consequently, option C is also supportable under the current product documentation, although the feature is identified as beta. API authorization and fault-delay injection are not presented as equivalent first-class Cilium Service Mesh use cases in the cited feature overview.
For certification-bank purposes, retain A as the intended answer, but revise option C or qualify it to restore a unique correct choice.
Official references
Service Mesh ; Proxy Load Balancing for Kubernetes Services .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 26
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