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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Foundations of Cryptography | - Historical and modern cryptography principles - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 2: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Topic 3: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - MAC and HMAC mechanisms - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) |
| Topic 4: Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Topic 6: Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
>> Exam Introduction-to-Cryptography Overviews <<
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NEW QUESTION # 76
(Which feature is characteristic of asymmetric encryption?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Asymmetric encryption is defined by using a key pair: a public key that can be shared widely and a private key that remains secret to its owner. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted with the other (in confidentiality use cases, encryption with the recipient's public key and decryption with the recipient's private key). This design solves key distribution challenges: anyone can encrypt to a recipient without first sharing a secret key securely. It also enables digital signatures, where the private key signs and the public key verifies-supporting authenticity and integrity. Option B describes symmetric cryptography, not asymmetric. Option C is not a defining property; both symmetric and asymmetric algorithms can involve rounds or repeated operations. Option D is incorrect because asymmetric encryption is reversible for the intended holder of the private key; "irreversible" describes hashing, not encryption. Therefore, the characteristic feature of asymmetric encryption is the use of both a public and private key.
NEW QUESTION # 77
(What is an attribute of RC4 when used with WEP?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In classic WEP deployments, RC4 was used with what is commonly called "40-bit WEP" (also labeled
"64-bit WEP" because it combines a 40-bit secret key with a 24-bit IV to form a 64-bit RC4 seed). The key attribute emphasized in many foundational descriptions of WEP is this 40-bit shared secret length, which was originally chosen due to export restrictions and legacy constraints. Although "104-bit WEP" (sometimes called "128-bit WEP," again counting the 24-bit IV) also existed, the option set here points to the historically standard and widely referenced attribute: a 40-bit key when RC4 is used in WEP.
Importantly, WEP's security failure is not only about key size; the 24-bit IV is too small and repeats frequently, and WEP's key scheduling vulnerabilities combined with IV reuse allow attackers to recover the secret key with enough captured frames. Still, among the given options, the correct attribute is the 40-bit key.
NEW QUESTION # 78
(Why is it important for cryptography frameworks to adapt over time?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
Cryptography must evolve because threats, computing capabilities, and attack techniques continuously change. Algorithms once considered safe can become vulnerable due to cryptanalysis, implementation attacks, protocol flaws, or sheer increases in available compute power. Examples include the deprecation of SHA-1 for signatures, weakening of RC4, and migration away from older TLS versions and weak cipher suites. Frameworks also need to adapt to new environments-cloud architectures, IoT deployments, mobile devices-and new adversary models, including the long-term risk posed by quantum computing to current public-key systems. Adaptation includes updating standards, increasing key sizes where needed, adopting modern primitives (AEAD modes, stronger KDFs), improving key management practices (rotation, hardware- backed storage), and refining operational guidance (certificate lifetimes, revocation strategies). A rigid structure that never changes would lock organizations into obsolete protections and accumulate risk.
Standardizing obsolete techniques or complying with outdated standards is the opposite of sound security engineering. Therefore, cryptography frameworks must adapt over time to respond to emerging threats and vulnerabilities and to maintain effective protection as the landscape evolves.
NEW QUESTION # 79
(What is the correlation between the number of rounds and the key length used in the AES algorithm?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In AES, the number of rounds is explicitly tied to the key length. AES-128 uses 10 rounds, AES-192 uses 12 rounds, and AES-256 uses 14 rounds. The purpose of additional rounds is to increase diffusion and confusion, strengthening resistance against cryptanalysis as the key schedule and state transformations iterate more times. Although key length primarily affects brute-force resistance, AES's designers and standardization parameters link longer keys with more rounds to maintain security margins across variants, especially considering differences in the key schedule structure. Thus, as key length increases from 128 to 192 to 256 bits, the number of rounds increases correspondingly from 10 to
12 to 14. This relationship is fixed by the AES specification and does not vary dynamically at runtime.
Therefore, the correct correlation is that the number of rounds increases as the key length increases.
NEW QUESTION # 80
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key
3DES uses two 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here.
A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 81
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