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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Understanding the Current Industrial Security Environment | - Current state of industrial control systems security - Convergence of IT and OT - Security challenges in OT environments |
| Topic 2: How Cyberattacks Happen | - Cyber threats and attack vectors - Vulnerabilities in industrial systems - Case studies of industrial cyber incidents |
| Topic 3: Validating or Verifying the Security of Systems | - Security validation and verification techniques - Continuous improvement of security measures - Auditing and compliance |
| Topic 4: Addressing Risk with Implementation Measures | - Defense-in-depth strategy - Zones and conduits model - Access control principles - Industrial network architecture and segmentation |
| Topic 5: Creating A Security Program | - Security management organization - Developing a long-term security program - Defining information security policy |
| Topic 6: Monitoring and Improving the CSMS | - Incident detection and response - Continuous monitoring of IACS cybersecurity - Security lifecycle management |
| Topic 7: Addressing Risk with Selected Security Counter Measures | - Anti-virus and endpoint protection - Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) - Firewalls and network security devices - Patch management |
| Topic 8: Addressing Risk with Security Policy, Organization, and Awareness | - Security awareness and training - Organizational security roles and responsibilities - Security policies and procedures |
| Topic 9: Risk Analysis | - Risk management fundamentals - Risk and vulnerability analysis techniques - Cybersecurity risk assessment concepts |
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問題 #35
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords inherently carry which of the followinq risks?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：C,D
解題說明：
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords are accounts and passwords that are used by more than one person to access a system or a resource. They inherently carry the risk of unauthorized access, which means that someone who is not authorized or intended to use the account or password can gain access to the system or resource, and potentially compromise its confidentiality, integrity, or availability. For example, if a multiuser account and password are shared among several operators of an industrial automation and control system (IACS), an attacker who obtains the password can use the account to access the IACS and perform malicious actions, such as changing the system settings, deleting data, or disrupting the process. Multiuser accounts and shared passwords also make it difficult to track and audit the activities of individual users, and to enforce the principle of least privilege, which states that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Therefore, the ISA/IEC 62443 standards recommend avoiding the use of multiuser accounts and shared passwords, and instead using individual accounts and strong passwords for each user, and implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms to control the access to the IACS. References:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1 ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course3 Shared passwords and multiuser accounts pose specific risks, notably unauthorized access and privilege escalation. In ISA/IEC 62443's framework, these practices are discouraged because they complicate the attribution of actions to individual users and increase the likelihood that accounts can be used beyond their intended scope. Unauthorized access occurs when individuals exploit the shared nature of an account to gain entry to systems or data that they should not access. Privilege escalation can happen when users leverage shared accounts to perform actions at higher permission levels than those assigned to their personal accounts.
Conversely, buffer overflows and race conditions are types of vulnerabilities or programming errors, not directly associated with the risks of multiuser accounts or shared passwords.
問題 #36
Which of the following is a cause for the increase in attacks on IACS?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：A,D
解題說明：
One of the reasons for the increase in attacks on IACS is the availability of information and tools that can be used to exploit vulnerabilities in these systems. The Internet provides a platform for hackers, researchers, and activists to share their knowledge and techniques for compromising IACS. Some examples of such information and tools are:
* Stuxnet: A sophisticated malware that targeted the Iranian nuclear program in 2010. It exploited four zero-day vulnerabilities in Windows and Siemens software to infect and manipulate the programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that controlled the centrifuges. Stuxnet was widely analyzed and reported by the media and security experts, and its source code was leaked online1.
* Metasploit: A popular penetration testing framework that contains modules for exploiting various IACS components and protocols. For instance, Metasploit includes modules for attacking Modbus, DNP3, OPC, and Siemens S7 devices2.
* Shodan: A search engine that allows users to find devices connected to the Internet, such as webcams, routers, printers, and IACS components. Shodan can reveal the location, model, firmware, and
* configuration of these devices, which can be used by attackers to identify potential targets and vulnerabilities3.
* ICS-CERT: A website that provides alerts, advisories, and reports on IACS security issues and incidents. ICS-CERT also publishes vulnerability notes and mitigation recommendations for various IACS products and vendors4. These sources of information and tools can be useful for legitimate purposes, such as security testing, research, and education, but they can also be misused by malicious actors who want to disrupt, damage, or steal from IACS. Therefore, IACS owners and operators should be aware of the threats and risks posed by the Internet and implement appropriate security measures to protect their systems. References:
* The increase in attacks on Industrial Automation and Control Systems (IACS) can be attributed to several factors, including: A.Use of proprietary communications protocols:These can pose security risks because they may not have been designed with security in mind and are often not as well-tested against security threats as more standard protocols. C.Knowledge of exploits and tools readily available on the Internet:The availability of information about vulnerabilities and exploits on the internet has made it easier for attackers to target IACS.
* The other options, B and D, are incorrect because: B. The move towards commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) systems, protocols, and networks actually increases risk because these systems are more likely to be known and targeted by attackers, compared to proprietary systems which might benefit from security through obscurity. D. There is actually an increase in risk with more personnel with system knowledge because it enlarges the attack surface - each individual with system knowledge can potentially become a vector for an attack, either maliciously or accidentally.
問題 #37
After receiving an approved patch from the JACS vendor, what is BEST practice for the asset owner to follow?
答案：C
解題說明：
According to the ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist resources, patches are software updates that fix bugs, vulnerabilities, or improve performance of a system. Patches are classified into three categories based on their urgency and impact: low, medium, and high. Low priority patches are those that have minimal or no impact on the system functionality or security, and can be applied at the next scheduled maintenance. Medium priority patches are those that have moderate impact on the system functionality or security, and should be applied within a reasonable time frame, such as three months. High priority patches are those that have significant or critical impact on the system functionality or security, and should be applied as soon as possible, preferably at the first unscheduled outage. Applying patches in a timely manner is a best practice for maintaining the security and reliability of an industrial automation and control system (IACS).
References:
* ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Study Guide, Section 4.3.2, Patch Management
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program, Clause 5.3.2.2, Patch management
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels, Clause 4.3.3.6.2, Patch management
問題 #38
What does Part 6-1 of the ISA/IEC 62443 series specify?
答案：C
解題說明：
ISA/IEC 62443-6-1 defines a security evaluation methodology specifically intended for use with 62443-2-4 (Service Providers) and 62443-4-1 (Secure Development Lifecycle). It provides assessment techniques and scoring models for verifying conformance.
"This part specifies requirements and provides guidance for the assessment of conformity to selected parts of the ISA/IEC 62443 series. It supports evaluation of suppliers per 62443-2-4 and 62443-4-1."
- ISA/IEC 62443-6-1:2020, Clause 1 - Scope
It is not focused on patching, technologies, or security phases, but rather on evaluating and validating conformance to the standards.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-6-1:2020 - Clauses 1 and 4
ISA/IEC 62443-2-4 and 4-1 - Reference to evaluation applicability
問題 #39
What port number is used by MODBUS TCP/IP for communication?
答案：C
解題說明：
MODBUS TCP/IP, a widely used communication protocol in industrial control systems, uses TCP port 502 by default.
"Modbus TCP/IP operates on TCP port 502, and this port should be monitored and protected to prevent unauthorized commands to critical control systems."
- ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013, Annex A - Communication Protocols
This makes port 502 a high-value target for attackers, which is why it must be secured via firewalls and access control.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Annex A
MODBUS Application Protocol Specification v1.1b
問題 #40
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