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질문 # 160
How is application data maintained in containers?
정답：C
질문 # 161
You are monitoring a Kubernetes cluster using Prometheus. You notice a significant spike in CPUusage on a specific pod. To investigate further, you want to collect metrics related to individual processes running within that pod. Which Prometheus query can effectively achieve this?
정답：E
설명：
The query •process_cpu_seconds_total{pod="", container="", process=""Y is designed to retrieve CPU usage metrics for specific processes running within a container. The other options are not focused on individual process metrics.
질문 # 162
What Kubernetes component handles network communications inside and outside of a cluster, using operating system packet filtering if available?
정답：B
설명：
kube-proxy is the Kubernetes component responsible for implementing Service networking on nodes, commonly by programming operating system packet filtering / forwarding rules (like iptables or IPVS), which makes A correct.
Kubernetes Services provide stable virtual IPs and ports that route traffic to a dynamic set of Pod endpoints.
kube-proxy watches the API server for Service and EndpointSlice/Endpoints updates and then configures the node's networking so that traffic to a Service is correctly forwarded to one of the backend Pods. In iptables mode, kube-proxy installs NAT and forwarding rules; in IPVS mode, it programs kernel load-balancing tables. In both cases, it leverages OS-level packet handling to efficiently steer traffic. This is the "packet filtering if available" concept referenced in the question.
kube-proxy's work affects both "inside" and "outside" paths in typical setups. Internal cluster clients reach Services via ClusterIP and DNS, and kube-proxy rules forward that traffic to Pods. For external traffic, paths often involve NodePort or LoadBalancer Services or Ingress controllers that ultimately forward into Services
/Pods-again relying on node-level service rules. While some modern CNI/eBPF dataplanes can replace or bypass kube-proxy, the classic Kubernetes architecture still defines kube-proxy as the component implementing Service connectivity.
The other options are not networking dataplane components: kubelet runs Pods and reports status; etcd stores cluster state; kube-controller-manager runs control loops for API objects. None of these handle node-level packet routing for Services. Therefore, the correct verified answer is A: kube-proxy.
질문 # 163
You are using Prometheus to monitor a Kubernetes cluster. You want to set up an alert that triggers when the average CPU usage of all nodes in the cluster exceeds 80% for the last 10 minutes. Which Prometheus query can achieve this?
정답：E
설명：
The query > 0.8' calculates the average system CPU usage across all nodes over the last 10 minutes. The filter ensures that only system CPU usage is considered. If the average exceeds 0.8 (80%), the alert will trigger.
질문 # 164
Which component in Kubernetes is responsible to watch newly created Pods with no assigned node, and selects a node for them to run on?
정답：B
설명：
The correct answer is D: kube-scheduler. The kube-scheduler is the control plane component responsible for assigning Pods to nodes. It watches for newly created Pods that do not have a spec.nodeName set (i.e., unscheduled Pods). For each such Pod, it evaluates the available nodes against scheduling constraints and chooses the best node, then performs a "bind" operation by setting the Pod's spec.nodeName.
Scheduling decisions consider many factors: resource requests vs node allocatable capacity, taints/tolerations, node selectors and affinity/anti-affinity, topology spread constraints, and other policy inputs. The scheduler typically runs a two-phase process: filtering (find feasible nodes) and scoring (rank feasible nodes) before selecting one.
Option A (etcd) is the datastore that persists cluster state; it does not make scheduling decisions. Option B (kube-controller-manager) runs controllers (Deployment, Node, Job controllers, etc.) but not scheduling. Option C (kube-proxy) is a node component for Service networking; it doesn't place Pods.
Understanding this separation is key for troubleshooting. If Pods are stuck Pending with "no nodes available," the scheduler's feasibility checks are failing (insufficient CPU/memory, taints not tolerated, affinity mismatch). If Pods schedule but land unexpectedly, it's often due to scoring preferences or missing constraints. In all cases, the component that performs the node selection is the kube-scheduler.
Therefore, the verified correct answer is D.
질문 # 165
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