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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Enable audit logging - Modify host components to improve security - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Use PSP to enforce security controls - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Detect threats at the container level - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators - Understand and monitor network traffic |
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Minimize base image footprint - Understand image security scanning and its workflow - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand the container build process - Use distroless images for static workload |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace |
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NEW QUESTION # 58
SIMULATION
Context
A default-deny NetworkPolicy avoids to accidentally expose a Pod in a namespace that doesn't have any other NetworkPolicy defined.
Task
Create a new default-deny NetworkPolicy named defaultdeny in the namespace testing for all traffic of type Egress.
The new NetworkPolicy must deny all Egress traffic in the namespace testing.
Apply the newly created default-deny NetworkPolicy to all Pods running in namespace testing.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 59
Secrets stored in the etcd is not secure at rest, you can use the etcdctl command utility to find the secret value for e.g:- ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl get /registry/secrets/default/cks-secret --cacert="ca.crt" --cert="server.crt" --key="server.key" Output
Using the Encryption Configuration, Create the manifest, which secures the resource secrets using the provider AES-CBC and identity, to encrypt the secret-data at rest and ensure all secrets are encrypted with the new configuration.
Answer:
Explanation:
ETCD secret encryption can be verified with the help of etcdctl command line utility.
ETCD secrets are stored at the path /registry/secrets/$namespace/$secret on the master node.
The below command can be used to verify if the particular ETCD secret is encrypted or not.
# ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl get /registry/secrets/default/secret1 [...] | hexdump -C
NEW QUESTION # 60
SIMULATION
Documentation Deployments, Pods, Falco
You must connect to the correct host . Failure to do so may result in a zero score.
[candidate@base] $ ssh cks000026
Context
A Pod is misbehaving and poses a security threat to the system.
Task
One of the Pods belonging to the application ollama is misbehaving. It is directly accessing the system's memory reading from the sensitive file /dev/mem.
First, identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem.
The cluster uses the Docker Engine as its container runtime . If needed, use the docker command to troubleshoot running containers.
Next, identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod and scale it to zero replicas.
Do not modify the Deployment except for scaling it down.
Do not modify any other Deployments .
Do not delete any Deployments.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation below for complete solution
Explanation:
1) Connect to the correct host
ssh cks000026
sudo -i
2) Identify the misbehaving Pod accessing /dev/mem
This task hints Falco is available → use it first (fast + intended).
2.1 Check Falco logs for /dev/mem access
journalctl -u falco | grep dev/mem
If Falco runs as a pod instead of systemd:
kubectl -n falco logs -l app=falco | grep dev/mem
2.2 Identify the Pod name
From the Falco output, you will see something like:
Pod=ollama-xxxxx Namespace=default File=/dev/mem
Note the exact Pod name (example: ollama-7c9d6f7b6d-abcde)
3) (If Falco logs are unclear) Confirm using Docker runtime
Because the cluster uses Docker, verify which container is accessing /dev/mem.
3.1 List running containers
docker ps
3.2 Inspect suspicious container
(Find container related to ollama)
docker inspect <container_id> | grep ollama
You should confirm it maps to the same Pod you saw in Falco.
4) Identify the Deployment managing the misbehaving Pod
4.1 Get Pod details
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o wide
4.2 Find owning Deployment
kubectl get pod <MISBEHAVING_POD_NAME> -o jsonpath='{.metadata.ownerReference[0].name}' This will output something like:
ollama
That is the Deployment name
5) Scale ONLY that Deployment to zero replicas
Do not edit, delete, or touch anything else
kubectl scale deployment ollama --replicas=0
6) Verify the Pod is terminated
kubectl get pods | grep ollama
Expected: no running Pods
Also confirm replicas:
kubectl get deployment ollama
Replicas should show:
0/0
NEW QUESTION # 61
SIMULATION
Create a Pod name Nginx-pod inside the namespace testing, Create a service for the Nginx-pod named nginx-svc, using the ingress of your choice, run the ingress on tls, secure port.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource> Name: cafe-ingress Namespace: default Address: 10.0.2.15 Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080) Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}} Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NGINX Ingress controller Release: 0.14.0 Build: git-734361d Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....
NEW QUESTION # 62
SIMULATION
Enable audit logs in the cluster, To Do so, enable the log backend, and ensure that
1. logs are stored at /var/log/kubernetes-logs.txt.
2. Log files are retained for 12 days.
3. at maximum, a number of 8 old audit logs files are retained.
4. set the maximum size before getting rotated to 200MB
Edit and extend the basic policy to log:
1. namespaces changes at RequestResponse
2. Log the request body of secrets changes in the namespace kube-system.
3. Log all other resources in core and extensions at the Request level.
4. Log "pods/portforward", "services/proxy" at Metadata level.
5. Omit the Stage RequestReceived
All other requests at the Metadata level
Answer:
Explanation:
Kubernetes auditing provides a security-relevant chronological set of records about a cluster. Kube-apiserver performs auditing. Each request on each stage of its execution generates an event, which is then pre-processed according to a certain policy and written to a backend. The policy determines what's recorded and the backends persist the records.
You might want to configure the audit log as part of compliance with the CIS (Center for Internet Security) Kubernetes Benchmark controls.
The audit log can be enabled by default using the following configuration in cluster.yml:
services:
kube-api:
audit_log:
enabled: true
When the audit log is enabled, you should be able to see the default values at /etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml The log backend writes audit events to a file in JSONlines format. You can configure the log audit backend using the following kube-apiserver flags:
--audit-log-path specifies the log file path that log backend uses to write audit events. Not specifying this flag disables log backend. - means standard out
--audit-log-maxage defined the maximum number of days to retain old audit log files
--audit-log-maxbackup defines the maximum number of audit log files to retain
--audit-log-maxsize defines the maximum size in megabytes of the audit log file before it gets rotated If your cluster's control plane runs the kube-apiserver as a Pod, remember to mount the hostPath to the location of the policy file and log file, so that audit records are persisted. For example:
--audit-policy-file=/etc/kubernetes/audit-policy.yaml \
--audit-log-path=/var/log/audit.log
NEW QUESTION # 63
......
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