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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
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NEW QUESTION # 15
Which Cilium configuration is recommended to help identify the correct configuration of network policies without interrupting workload communications?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Policy Audit Mode allows administrators to evaluate the consequences of network policies before enforcing their deny decisions. Traffic that would ordinarily be rejected remains permitted, while Cilium records an audit verdict. These verdicts can be examined with Cilium monitoring tools and used to identify legitimate communications that are missing from the proposed policies.
This is especially valuable when introducing host policies or default-deny controls into an existing environment. An incomplete policy might otherwise block access to the Kubernetes API, node-management interfaces, DNS, monitoring systems, or other operational dependencies. The recommended workflow is to enable audit mode, observe traffic and policy verdicts, adjust the rules, confirm that all required communications receive allow verdicts, and then disable audit mode to begin enforcement.
DNS enforcement mode and HTTP audit mode are not the general Cilium configuration requested. "Policy enforcement mode" describes whether policies are normally enforced, but it does not provide the non- disruptive learning behavior in the question.
Audit mode should be treated as a temporary validation mechanism because it does not actually block disallowed traffic and does not persist across every agent-restart scenario.
Official references
Cilium Policy Audit Mode
Study Guide topic: Policy validation, audit verdicts, and safe policy rollout.
NEW QUESTION # 16
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is true about WireGuard encryption on Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
B is the best answer, with two qualifications. First, "pop-to-pod" is evidently a source typo for "pod-to-pod." Second, default WireGuard mode encrypts traffic between Cilium-managed pods on different nodes; node-to- node, pod-to-node, and node-to-pod coverage requires enabling the additional encryption.
nodeEncryption=true mode.
Cilium creates WireGuard peers per node, not per pod. Each Cilium agent generates a node key pair, advertises the public key through its CiliumNode resource, and forms secure tunnels with other known nodes.
This makes D incorrect. Same-node packets do not traverse a WireGuard tunnel because encryption cannot protect them from an observer already able to inspect raw traffic on that host, so A reverses the documented behavior.
C also reverses the encapsulation sequence. In tunnel-routing mode, pod traffic is first encapsulated for the VXLAN or Geneve overlay and is then encapsulated by WireGuard. The result is double encapsulation, with WireGuard protecting the overlay packet while it crosses the network between nodes.
Thus, B describes WireGuard's supported traffic coverage most closely, but exam candidates should remember the separate node-encryption configuration requirement.
Official references
WireGuard Transparent Encryption
Study Guide topic: WireGuard peer architecture, encrypted traffic matrix, same-node behavior, and encapsulation order.
NEW QUESTION # 18
Which one of the following best describes the role Cilium provides in Kubernetes?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium functions as a Kubernetes Container Network Interface implementation. When Kubernetes creates or removes a pod sandbox, the container runtime invokes the configured CNI plugin. Cilium establishes the pod' s network connectivity, connects the workload to the node's networking environment, allocates or obtains an address through the configured IPAM mode, and coordinates the endpoint with the Cilium agent. Its eBPF datapath then supplies routing, service load balancing, policy enforcement, and network visibility.
Cilium provides substantially more functionality than the minimum CNI contract, but those additional capabilities do not change its primary Kubernetes networking role. Hubble supplies integrated network observability, yet Cilium is not merely a container-metrics monitor. Resource utilization such as CPU and memory is normally handled through Kubernetes metrics and monitoring systems.
Cilium is also not a Container Storage Interface. CSI drivers manage storage volumes, attachment, mounting, and lifecycle operations, which are unrelated to Cilium's primary responsibilities. Nor is Cilium simply a pod- operation logging mechanism. It can emit datapath events and diagnostic logs, but those are supporting capabilities.
Accordingly, D provides the correct architectural classification for Cilium in a Kubernetes cluster.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Cilium Helm Installation .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 19
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 20
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