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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Demand Planning and Forecasting | - Integrated View of Procurement, Manufacturing and Operations Management - Revenue Management - Demand Forecasting and Purchase Price Variance (PPV) Savings - Supply Chain Issues for Short Life Cycle Products - Spreadsheet Newsvendor Models - Issues and Trade-offs in Global Supply Chain Management |
| Topic 2: Major Supply Chain Issues: Sourcing Materials and Services | - Major Challenges in Supply Chain Management Today - Inventory Management - Role of Logistics in Supply Chains - Introduction to Global Supply Chain Management - Developing Productive Supplier Relationships in a Competitive Market |
| Topic 3: Distribution and Operations Management | - Warehouse Management - Transport Management - Introduction to Distribution Network - Stock Management - Order Management |
| Topic 4: Principles of Supply Chain Management & Logistics | - Management Components of Supply Chain Management - Supply Chain Processes - Factors Affecting Supply Chain Management - Introduction to Supply Chain Management |
| Topic 5: E-Supply Chain Management | - Big Data and IoT in Supply Chain - Differences Between Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Information Flows and Information Systems Integration - Warehouse Management System (WMS) - Modern Fulfilment Tools and Applications in Supply Chain |
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問題 #64
When supplies and goods are offered in a favorable way without waste is what type of supply chain?
答案:C
解題說明:
A supply chain designed to provide goods efficiently while minimizing waste is a Lean Supply Chain . Lean thinking seeks to align supply closely with genuine customer requirements while removing unnecessary activities, inventory, delays, defects, excess movement, and inefficient processing.
The phrase "without waste" is the decisive element. Lean supply-chain design attempts to provide the required product, quantity, quality, place, and timing while consuming the minimum resources necessary to deliver the required value. This philosophy is closely associated with Just-in-Time practices, continuous improvement, process standardization, quality at the source, inventory reduction, and smoother material flow.
An agile supply chain differs because its primary emphasis is the ability to respond rapidly to uncertainty and changing customer requirements. E-Supply Chain refers to digitally enabled supply-chain coordination.
Procurement is a business process for acquiring goods and services, not a supply-chain strategy equivalent to lean.
Supply-chain research describes lean explicitly as an approach centered on customer value, waste reduction, and delivering required goods and services without unnecessary activity.
Therefore, option A accurately matches the description.
Reference Topic: Production and Operations Alignment - Lean Operations, Waste Elimination, and Just-in- Time Flow.
問題 #65
Inventory holding costs would include which of the following?
答案:D
解題說明:
Inventory holding cost represents the economic cost associated with maintaining inventory over time. Its components commonly include the cost of capital tied up in inventory, storage-related expense, insurance, taxes where applicable, deterioration, shrinkage, and the risk that inventory will lose economic value before it can be sold or consumed. Obsolescence cost therefore belongs directly within the holding-cost category.
Obsolescence occurs when inventory becomes outdated, technologically superseded, unfashionable, expired, or otherwise less valuable while it remains in stock. The longer inventory is held, the greater the exposure to this risk. For products with rapid technology changes, short life cycles, expiration dates, or volatile consumer preferences, obsolescence can represent a substantial portion of total inventory carrying cost.
The other choices relate primarily to replenishment or acquisition activities. Buyer time is associated with placing and managing orders. Receiving cost occurs when incoming material is processed. Transportation cost concerns product movement and, depending on the inventory model, can form part of the fixed replenishment or logistics cost.
Accordingly, C is the correct answer because obsolescence results specifically from carrying inventory over time. This classification is also consistent with standard supply-chain inventory-cost treatment.
Reference Topic: Inventory and Warehousing - Inventory Carrying and Holding Costs.
問題 #66
Improperly structured sales force incentives
答案:D
解題說明:
Improper sales incentives can create artificial spikes in customer orders , particularly when sales personnel are rewarded according to short-term sell-in targets. If commissions or bonuses depend on reaching monthly or quarterly shipment thresholds, sales representatives have a strong incentive to persuade distributors or retailers to purchase additional quantities before the evaluation period ends.
These orders may not reflect actual final-customer consumption. The predictable pattern is a surge in orders near the end of the measurement period followed by weak orders at the beginning of the next period. This increases order variability and contributes directly to the bullwhip effect.
A better structure aligns sales incentives with sell-through, sustained customer demand, inventory health, or overall supply-chain profitability rather than merely the quantity pushed into downstream channels. This reduces the incentive to advance future purchases artificially into the current reporting period.
Supply-chain coordination material identifies improperly structured sales-force incentives as a major incentive obstacle and documents their tendency to create end-of-period order spikes.
Thus, option C accurately describes both the behavioral consequence and the operational impact of poorly designed sales compensation.
Reference Topic: Leadership and Organizational Change - Sales Incentives, Goal Alignment, and Supply Chain Coordination.
問題 #67
The price paid per unit is referred to as
答案:C
解題說明:
Within the standard cycle-inventory formulation used for supply-chain lot-sizing decisions, the price paid for each unit is the material cost , conventionally denoted by C . The terminology matters because the principal cost variables in the basic model represent different economic drivers.
Material cost C represents the acquisition value per unit. Fixed ordering cost S represents the cost incurred each time an order or production lot is initiated, irrespective of the quantity in the lot. Inventory holding cost is linked to the value of inventory and the carrying-cost rate over a specified period. In many supply-chain models, annual holding expense per unit is expressed using a carrying-rate relationship involving the unit material cost.
Option D is deliberately plausible because everyday commercial terminology often refers to the amount paid as the "purchase price." However, the question asks for the defined variable within this particular inventory- model notation. In that framework, C is the material cost.
Correct identification of these variables is necessary when analyzing EOQ, quantity discounts, cycle inventory, and the effect of acquisition value on carrying cost. The exact formulation is also consistently presented in standard supply-chain cycle-inventory question sets.
Reference Topic: Inventory and Warehousing - Inventory Cost Parameters and Lot-Sizing Models.
問題 #68
A manufacturer establishes a program to collect used products from customers, inspect them, recover usable components, recycle materials, and properly dispose of the remaining waste. Which supply chain capability does this BEST represent?
答案:A
解題說明:
The process is reverse logistics because physical products move from the customer or downstream channel back toward the manufacturer or another recovery point for return, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, or disposal.
Traditional forward logistics moves materials from suppliers through production and distribution toward customers. Reverse logistics manages the opposite flow after sale or consumption. An effective reverse network requires collection processes, transportation, inspection, disposition rules, recovery operations, information tracking, and coordination with recycling or disposal partners.
Reverse logistics can generate both environmental and economic value. Recovering reusable components may reduce demand for virgin materials, while recycling can reduce waste sent to landfill. Product recovery may also preserve residual asset value and support circular-economy strategies.
Forward buying refers to purchasing ahead of normal requirements, typically in response to pricing incentives. Demand amplification concerns the bullwhip effect. Cross-selling means selling related products to existing customers. None represents the physical recovery activity described.
AAPSCM's broader supply-chain sustainability framework emphasizes waste reduction, resource optimization, responsible sourcing, and circular supply-chain practices.
Reference Topic: Sustainability and ESG in Supply Chains - Reverse Logistics, Resource Recovery, and Circular Supply Chains.
問題 #69
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