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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Hazard recognition and management - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness - Scene assessment and safety protocols |
| Topic 2: Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Symptom assessment and history taking - Focused history and physical exam - Vital signs and monitoring |
| Topic 3: EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Documentation and legal aspects - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - EMS system roles and responsibilities |
| Topic 4: Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - Airway, breathing, and circulation management - General patient impression and priority determination - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - Initial patient assessment |
| Topic 5: Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Medical and trauma care interventions - Patient packaging and transport procedures - Medication administration and protocols - Communication with receiving facilities |
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NEW QUESTION # 188
What are possible complications of using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)? Select the two correct options.
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
CPAPworks by delivering continuous positive pressure to keep alveoli open and improve oxygenation.
However, complications include:
* Hypotension: Due to reduced venous return and cardiac preload
* Feeling of suffocation: Common psychological reaction to a tight-fitting mask and forced airflow It isused to treat, not cause, pulmonary edema. It doesnot induce bronchospasmor myocardial infarction.
References:
NREMT Airway & Ventilation Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation AAOS EMT Textbook (11th ed.), CPAP and Respiratory Distress Management
NEW QUESTION # 189
While performing an initial scene size-up at a motor vehicle collision, what should the EMT determine?
Select the three answer options that are correct.
Answer: B,C,F
Explanation:
The correct answers are A. Mechanisms of injury, B. If entrapment occurred, and D. Total number of patients.
During the scene size-up, the EMT performs an initial overview to ensure safety and gather critical information before patient contact. NREMT guidelines emphasize specific elements that must be identified early.
Key components of scene size-up include:
1. Mechanism of Injury (MOI) (A):
* Helps predict potential injuries based on how the incident occurred
* Essential for determining severity and treatment priorities
2. Entrapment (B):
* Determines whether patients are physically trapped
* Helps anticipate need for extrication resources and delays in care
3. Number of Patients (D):
* Critical for determining if additional resources are needed
* Helps identify potential mass-casualty incidents (MCI)
NREMT-aligned references state:
* "Scene size-up includes determining the mechanism of injury."
* "Identify the number of patients and need for additional resources."
* "Determine if extrication or special rescue is required."
Why the other options are incorrect:
* C. Severity of the patientsThis is determined during the primary assessment, not initial scene size-up
* E. Which patients have diedNot part of initial size-up priorities
* F. Site for loading injured patientsThis is part of incident management/transport decisions, not initial size-up Exact Extracts (NREMT-aligned EMT educational references):
* "Determine the mechanism of injury or nature of illness."
* "Determine the number of patients."
* "Assess the need for additional resources and extrication."
Clinical Priority Summary:
Scene size-up focuses on environmental awareness and resource needs, specifically MOI, patient count, and entrapment, making A, B, and D correct.
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - EMS Operations (Scene Size-Up)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP)
AAOS Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured (NREMT-aligned)
NEW QUESTION # 190
An 83-year-old patient is unresponsive and lying on the floor. The patient has a large bruise and laceration on the forehead. The patient's vital signs are BP 90/60, P 126, and R 0. Which of the following conditions should the EMT most suspect?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract:
Givenfall with head traumaandabsent respirations, the most concerning cause isspinal injury, particularly acervical spine fracture. Ahigh cervical injury (C1-C4)canparalyze the diaphragm, leading toapnea despite a beating heart.
Brain herniation can also depress respirations but often presents withunequal pupils,posturing, andCushing' s triad(not described here).Commotio cordisis sudden cardiac arrest from blunt chest trauma (not head).
Open pneumothoraxaffects chest mechanics, not directly linked here.
References:
NREMT Trauma Skills - Spinal Assessment
Brady Emergency Care (13th ed.), Chapter: Spine Injuries
National EMS Education Standards - CNS Trauma and Spinal Immobilization
NEW QUESTION # 191
A 15-year-old patient is unresponsive following an assault. The patient has a stab wound on the chest, which is gurgling. The vital signs are BP 76/48 mmHg, P 146/min, R 26/min, and SpO# 90% on room air.
Which of the following types of shock is the most likely cause of the patient ' s presentation?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):
This patient has signs of penetrating chest trauma, severe hypotension, tachycardia, and respiratory distress. A gurgling chest wound suggests an open pneumothorax, which can progress to tension pneumothorax.
Option C (Obstructive shock) is correct because air trapped in the chest can compress the heart and great vessels, preventing adequate cardiac output.
Option A is less likely because although blood loss may be present, the chest injury suggests impaired circulation due to pressure.
Option B involves pump failure, not trauma-related compression.
Option D involves abnormal vessel dilation, not mechanical obstruction.
NREMT emphasizes rapid recognition of obstructive shock and immediate intervention with occlusive dressings and rapid transport.
NEW QUESTION # 192
Which of the following are signs of a complete airway obstruction? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
The correct answers are C and D because a complete or severe airway obstruction is identified by an inability to speak and weak or absent coughing / inability to cough . The American Heart Association's foreign-body airway obstruction guidance lists signs of severe or complete obstruction as unable to speak and weak or absence of cough , which matches these two answer choices.
NEW QUESTION # 193
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