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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
| Topic 2: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 3: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 4: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Topic 5: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography |
| Topic 6: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Topic 7: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique |
| Topic 8: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Topic 9: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Controlled substance management - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
| Topic 10: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
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NEW QUESTION # 464
Intravenous fluid therapy can provide several therapeutic benefits. Which of the following is not a potential benefit of intravenous fluid therapy?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The most common indication for intravenous fluid therapy is the expansion of total body water within the intravascular and interstitial fluid spaces. Diuresis occurs when the volume of fluid administered exceeds the maintenance needs of the patient.
Animals are typically administered a crystalloid fluid containing electrolytes. Exceptions to this include continuous medication rate infusions, colloids, and animals with a free water deficit (for example, a dehydrated dog in congestive heart failure receiving 5% dextrose in water). Intravenous fluids can provide calories through the addition of dextrose, or via partial or total parenteral nutrition with the addition of amino acids and lipids.
The intestinal microbiome needs to receive nutrients directly through enteral feedings. This cannot be accomplished through intravenous administration of fluids.
NEW QUESTION # 465
Which of the following describes the intended action of chemotherapy drugs?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A chemotherapy drug (antineoplastic agent) kills cells. The term is most commonly thought of when referring to cancer medications. They attack cells by 5 different mechanisms of action and include some antimicrobials. Examples include vincristine (cancer, plant alkaloid) and doxorubicin (antibiotic).
Antagonist drugs reverse the effects of other substances. Agonist drugs bind to and activate receptors to produce specific responses. For example, hydromorphone is an agonist at opioid receptors and naloxone is its antagonist. Antiemetic drugs suppress vomiting and can work on the nervous system (centrally) and/or gastrointestinal tract (peripherally). Examples include maropitant and metoclopramide.
NEW QUESTION # 466
A dog presents for a cranial cruciate repair. Your routine protocol for spays and neuters uses an opioid-hydromorphone-as the primary pain medication combined with sedation. However, you have found that for orthopedic surgeries, this often isn't sufficient pain control, and the patient requires higher levels of gas anesthesia than you would like.
Which of the following opioid analgesics would provide better pain management for orthopedic procedures and allow you to lower the gas anesthetic used during the procedure?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Analgesics include opioids, local anesthetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and a-2 agonists. In this question, we are solely discussing the use of the opioid portion of pain management. Mu agonist opioids include methadone, fentanyl, and hydromorphone. Mixed agonists include butorphanol and buprenorphine, for example.
Fentanyl is a very potent opioid. While very short-acting (about 45-60 minutes with a single injection), it has great benefit when used as a CRI. Not only does it provide continuous pain management throughout the procedure, but it allows lower MAC concentrations. It can then be continued post-operatively for smooth anesthetic recovery and pain management.
Methadone is a very strong-acting opioid that has antiemetic properties. It could be a good choice for short procedures. However, it is relatively short-acting and may be insufficient to lower MAC. Additionally, post-operatively, it would require repeated injections every 4-6 hours for pain control, which can get costly.
Butorphanol's sedative and anti-tussive properties remain more impressive than its ability to treat and prevent pain.
Butorphanol is appropriate for mild to moderate pain, but most find that it is insufficient for orthopedic procedures. It can be used in combination with other drugs and has fewer side effects than hydromorphone. However, it is not the ideal drug to help lower the anesthetic MAC in this patient.
NEW QUESTION # 467
All of the following are abnormalities a veterinary technician should report to the veterinarian before beginning any anesthetic procedure except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
Due to the potential for serious and sometimes fatal side effects of anesthetic procedures, veterinary technicians should perform a thorough pre-anesthetic exam to determine whether the patient has any abnormal baseline findings.
Findings that should be reported to the veterinarian before beginning any anesthetic procedure include dehydration, obesity, cachexia (weight loss and muscle atrophy), abnormal pupil size or other neurological changes, irregular pulse, abnormal respiratory signs, abnormal mucous membrane color, abnormal heart rate, and hyperthermia or hypothermia.
Owners are asked to withhold food from the majority of patients for a period of time prior to an anesthetic procedure, so hunger is not an abnormal finding for a fasting animal. The duration of fasting varies with the species, age of the patient, and underlying health conditions, among other factors.
NEW QUESTION # 468
What dietary supplement is often administered to promote joint health?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Glucosamine is a nutraceutical, often given in conjunction with chondroitin, promoting cartilage formation and maintenance. This reportedly provides support for joint mobility.
Potassium, an electrolyte, promotes acid-base regulation, nerve transmission, and metabolic reactions. Taurine is an essential amino acid for a cat's diet. Lysine is an amino acid that may suppress feline herpesvirus infections, though studies are equivocal.
NEW QUESTION # 469
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