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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Topic 2: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Topic 3: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| Topic 4: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 5: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Topic 6: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Topic 7: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 8: Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption |
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NEW QUESTION # 47
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 48
A Kubernetes cluster is not currently running Cilium as a CNI, but the user would like to benefit from Hubbies observability capabilities on your cluster. Which one of the following options is NOT possible?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble is Cilium's integrated observability layer and consumes flow events produced by Cilium's eBPF datapath and embedded Hubble servers. The Hubble CLI is only a client; downloading its binary does not install a standalone datapath or create flow data on a cluster that lacks Cilium. Option B is therefore the operation that is not possible.
The other approaches represent recognized Cilium deployment or migration models. A direct migration can replace the CNI configuration and recycle workloads or nodes, although a naive cluster-wide transition can disrupt connectivity. CNI chaining allows Cilium to operate with another CNI: the existing plugin continues to provide basic connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created interfaces to provide visibility, policy, and other functions. Cilium also documents migration through dual overlays. In that model, the old and new networks coexist temporarily, nodes are moved in a controlled sequence, and workloads attached to either overlay retain connectivity when the documented addressing and routing requirements are met.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is B because Hubble requires Cilium-managed observability data.
Official references
Setting up Hubble Observability ; CNI Chaining ; Migrating a cluster to Cilium .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 49
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the identity-based network security model used by Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives an endpoint's security identity from its security-relevant labels rather than from its current IP address. When multiple endpoints possess the same relevant label set, they receive and share the same numeric security identity. This enables policies to follow an application as pods are recreated, rescheduled, or scaled across nodes.
In Kubernetes, the Cilium agent obtains workload metadata through the Kubernetes API and associates the pod's labels with the corresponding Cilium endpoint. Identity allocation converts the relevant label set into a cluster-wide identity. Policy enforcement then matches that identity in the eBPF datapath instead of depending exclusively on short-lived pod addresses.
Option A incorrectly makes the IP address the source of identity and says that identities cannot be shared.
Option B incorrectly identifies annotations as the identity foundation. Annotations may configure behavior, but Cilium's security model is label-based. Option D is also incorrect because operators do not ordinarily assign each pod's numeric security identity manually. Identity allocation and lifecycle management are automatic.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identities , Limiting Identity-Relevant Labels
Study Guide topic: Label-derived identities and identity-based policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 51
What is the default policy enforcement behavior?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In Cilium's default policy-enforcement mode, an endpoint initially permits ingress and egress traffic.
Enforcement changes independently for each direction when a policy selects that endpoint. If a selecting rule contains an ingress section, the endpoint enters default-deny mode for ingress. If a selecting rule contains an egress section, it enters default-deny mode for egress. Only traffic explicitly permitted by the applicable policy rules remains allowed in the restricted direction.
This per-direction behavior is important. An ingress-only policy does not automatically restrict egress, and an egress-only policy does not automatically restrict ingress. Options A and B reverse the relationship between the rule section and the direction being enforced. Option C incorrectly states that selection places the endpoint into default-allow mode; default allow describes the endpoint's condition before it is selected by an enforcing policy.
Cilium also supports always and never enforcement modes. In always , enforcement applies even to endpoints not selected by policy. In never , policy enforcement is disabled. Policies can additionally use enableDefaultDeny for specialized visibility configurations, but those controls do not change the normal default behavior described in the question.
Official references
Policy Enforcement Modes .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 52
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