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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Security Assessment and Testing | 12% | - Audit Processes - Security Testing Methods |
| Topic 2: Security Operations | 13% | - Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity - Incident Response |
| Topic 3: Communication and Network Security | 13% | - Network Architecture and Design - Secure Network Components |
| Topic 4: Software Development Security | 11% | - Application Security Controls - Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) |
| Topic 5: Asset Security | 10% | - Information and Asset Classification - Data Lifecycle Management |
| Topic 6: Identity and Access Management (IAM) | 13% | - Identity Lifecycle Management - Authentication and Authorization |
| Topic 7: Security Architecture and Engineering | 13% | - Security Models and Frameworks - Secure Design Principles |
| Topic 8: Security and Risk Management | 14% | - Compliance and Legal Requirements - Professional Ethics - Security Governance Principles |
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問題 #780
A company was ranked as high in the following National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) functions: Protect, Detect, Respond and Recover. However, a low maturity grade was attributed to the Identify function. In which of the following the controls categories does this company need to improve when analyzing its processes individually?
答案：C
解題說明：
According to the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, the control categories that the company needs to improve when analyzing its processes individually are Asset Management, Business Environment, Governance and Risk Assessment. These control categories are part of the Identify function, which is one of the five core functions of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. The Identify function is the function that provides the foundational understanding and awareness of the organization's systems, assets, data, capabilities, and risks, as well as the role and contribution of the organization to the critical infrastructure and the society. The Identify function helps the organization to prioritize and align its cybersecurity activities and resources with its business objectives and requirements, as well as to establish and maintain its cybersecurity policies and standards. The Identify function consists of six control categories, which are the specific outcomes or goals that the organization should achieve for each function. The control categories for the Identify function are:
* Asset Management: The data, personnel, devices, systems, and facilities that enable the organization to achieve business purposes are identified and managed consistent with their relative importance to organizational objectives and the organization's risk strategy.
* Business Environment: The organization's mission, objectives, stakeholders, and activities are understood and prioritized; this information is used to inform cybersecurity roles, responsibilities, and risk management decisions.
* Governance: The policies, procedures, and processes to manage and monitor the organization's regulatory, legal, risk, environmental, and operational requirements are understood and inform the management of cybersecurity risk.
* Risk Assessment: The organization understands the cybersecurity risk to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, and individuals.
* Risk Management Strategy: The organization's priorities, constraints, risk tolerances, and assumptions are established and used to support operational risk decisions.
* Supply Chain Risk Management: The organization's priorities, constraints, risk tolerances, and assumptions are established and used to support risk decisions associated with managing supply chain risk. The organization has established and implemented the processes to identify, assess and manage supply chain risks.
The company was ranked as high in the following NIST functions: Protect, Detect, Respond and Recover.
However, a low maturity grade was attributed to the Identify function. This means that the company has a good level of capability and performance in implementing and executing the cybersecurity activities and controls that are related to the other four functions, but it has a low level of capability and performance in implementing and executing the cybersecurity activities and controls that are related to the Identify function.
Therefore, the company needs to improve its processes and controls that are related to the Identify function, which are the Asset Management, Business Environment, Governance, Risk Assessment, Risk Management Strategy, and Supply Chain Risk Management control categories. By improving these control categories, the company can enhance its foundational understanding and awareness of its systems, assets, data, capabilities, and risks, as well as its role and contribution to the critical infrastructure and the society. The company can also better prioritize and align its cybersecurity activities and resources with its business objectives and requirements, as well as establish and maintain its cybersecurity policies and standards. Access Control, Awareness and Training, Data Security and Maintenance are not the control categories that the company needs to improve when analyzing its processes individually, as they are part of the Protect function, not the Identify function. The Protect function is the function that provides the appropriate safeguards and countermeasures to ensure the delivery of critical services and to limit or contain the impact of potential cybersecurity incidents.
The Protect function consists of eight control categories, which are:
* Access Control: Access to assets and associated facilities is limited to authorized users, processes, or
* devices, and to authorized activities and transactions.
* Awareness and Training: The organization's personnel and partners are provided cybersecurity awareness education and are adequately trained to perform their information security-related duties and responsibilities consistent with related policies, procedures, and agreements.
* Data Security: Information and records (data) are managed consistent with the organization's risk strategy to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.
* Information Protection Processes and Procedures: Security policies (that address purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, and coordination among organizational entities), processes, and procedures are maintained and used to manage protection of information systems and assets.
* Maintenance: Maintenance and repairs of industrial control and information system components is performed consistent with policies and procedures.
* Protective Technology: Technical security solutions are managed to ensure the security and resilience of systems and assets, consistent with related policies, procedures, and agreements.
The company was ranked as high in the Protect function, which means that it has a good level of capability and performance in implementing and executing the cybersecurity activities and controls that are related to the Protect function. Therefore, the company does not need to improve its processes and controls that are related to the Protect function, which are the Access Control, Awareness and Training, Data Security, Information Protection Processes and Procedures, Maintenance, and Protective Technology control categories. Anomalies and Events, Security Continuous Monitoring and Detection Processes are not the control categories that the company needs to improve when analyzing its processes individually, as they are part of the Detect function, not the Identify function. The Detect function is the function that provides the appropriate activities and capabilities to identify the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident in a timely manner. The Detect function consists of three control categories, which are:
* Anomalies and Events: Anomalous activity is detected in a timely manner and the potential impact of events is understood.
* Security Continuous Monitoring: The information system and assets are monitored at discrete intervals to identify cybersecurity events and verify the effectiveness of protective measures.
* Detection Processes: Detection processes and procedures are maintained and tested to ensure timely and adequate awareness of anomalous events.
The company was ranked as high in the Detect function, which means that it has a good level of capability and performance in implementing and executing the cybersecurity activities and controls that are related to the Detect function. Therefore, the company does not need to improve its processes and controls that are related to the Detect function, which are the Anomalies and Events, Security Continuous Monitoring, and Detection Processes control categories. Recovery Planning, Improvements and Communications are not the control categories that the company needs to improve when analyzing its processes individually, as they are part of the Recover function, not the Identify function. The Recover function is the function that provides the appropriate activities and capabilities to restore the normal operations and functions of the organization as quickly as possible after a cybersecurity incident, as well as to prevent or reduce the recurrence or impact of future incidents. The Recover function consists of three control categories, which are:
* Recovery Planning: Recovery processes and procedures are executed and maintained to ensure timely
* restoration of systems or assets affected by cybersecurity incidents.
* Improvements: Recovery planning and processes are improved by incorporating lessons learned into future activities.
* Communications: Restoration activities are coordinated with internal and external parties, such as coordinating centers, Internet Service Providers, owners of attacking systems, victims, other CSIRTs, and vendors.
The company was ranked as high in the Recover function, which means that it has a good level of capability and performance in implementing and executing the cybersecurity activities and controls that are related to the Recover function. Therefore, the company does not need to improve its processes and controls that are related to the Recover function, which are the Recovery Planning, Improvements, and Communications control categories.
問題 #781
Using Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) reduces the potential for which of the following attacks?
答案：B
解題說明：
Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a security technique that randomizes the memory locations of the executable code, data, and libraries of a software application or system, making it harder for attackers to predict or manipulate the memory addresses of the target. ASLR reduces the potential for heap overflow attacks, which are a type of buffer overflow attack that exploit the memory allocation and deallocation functions of the heap, which is a dynamic memory area where variables and objects are stored during the execution of a program. Heap overflow attacks can result in arbitrary code execution, denial of service, or privilege escalation. ASLR makes heap overflow attacks more difficult by changing the base address of the heap each time the program runs, making it less likely for the attacker to find or overwrite the memory locations of the heap variables or objects.
問題 #782
To ensure dependable and secure logging, all computers must have their clock synchronized to:
答案：C
解題說明：
The following pre-requisite must be met to ensure dependable and secure logging:
All computers must have their clock synchronized to a central timeserver to ensure
accurate time on events being logged.
If possible all logs should be centralized for easy analysis and also to help detect
patterns of abuse across servers.
Logging information traveling on the network must be encrypted if possible.
Log files are stored and protected on a machine that has a hardened shell.
Log files must not be modifiable without a trace or record of such modification.
問題 #783
Which of the following is NOT the proper suppression medium for a
Class B fire?
答案：A
解題說明：
The correct answer is Water. Water is not a proper suppression medium
for a class B fire. The other three are commonly used.
問題 #784
After a thorough analysis, it was discovered that a perpetrator compromised a network by gaining access to the network through a Secure Socket Layer (SSL) Virtual Private
Network (VPN) gateway. The perpetrator guessed a username and brute forced the password to gain access. Which of the following BEST mitigates this issue?
答案：B
問題 #785
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