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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring |
| Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
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NEW QUESTION # 19
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 21
What is an accurate description related to eBPF?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D is the accurate general description because eBPF programs can attach at kernel and application-related hook points where data may already be decrypted, depending on the program and the selected hook. The statement says "could," not that every packet-processing eBPF program automatically decrypts TLS. Cilium's documented TLS-aware inspection uses controlled TLS termination and a userspace Envoy proxy; the broader point is that eBPF is not restricted to observing encrypted wire-format packets at a single network interface.
The other choices are directly contradicted by Cilium's eBPF documentation. XDP and traffic-control programs can be replaced atomically at runtime without rebooting the host or restarting network services, so A is false. Traffic-control BPF supports both ingress and egress hook points, making B false. Cilium also applies eBPF-based security to the host through its Host Firewall and host-policy capabilities; therefore, eBPF security is not inherently confined to container traffic, and C is false.
A critical distinction is that inspecting application plaintext depends on where the program attaches and where encryption occurs. Cilium's ordinary L3/L4 datapath does not magically decrypt TLS, while its documented TLS interception workflow explicitly terminates and re-originates selected connections to expose application- layer content.
Official references
Cilium eBPF program types ; eBPF datapath introduction ; Inspecting TLS Encrypted Connections .
Study Guide topic: eBPF.
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which affirmation is true about eBPF host-routing?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C accurately describes eBPF host-routing. In a conventional datapath, packets may traverse substantial portions of the host networking stack and its iptables hooks even when Cilium performs routing decisions with eBPF. eBPF host-routing takes a more direct datapath, bypassing iptables and the upper host stack while providing a faster transition between the host and pod network namespaces. This reduces processing and context-switching overhead and can improve throughput and latency.
Option A describes load-balancing behavior rather than host routing. Backend distribution is implemented through Cilium's service load-balancer maps and algorithms. Host routing can improve the path used by resulting packets, but it does not itself guarantee even backend selection.
Option B is the description of BIG TCP. BIG TCP increases the size of internal GSO and GRO packets to reduce stack traversal. Although BIG TCP requires eBPF host-routing in supported Cilium configurations, the two are distinct features.
Option D is overly specific and does not define the feature. Host routing optimizes compatible pod traffic generally, subject to kernel, kube-proxy-replacement, masquerading, netfilter, encryption, and integration constraints.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Host-Routing
Study Guide topic: eBPF host-routing, host-stack bypass, veth traversal, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 24
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