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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Topic 2: Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Principles: public/private key pairs - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman |
| Topic 3: Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
| Topic 4: Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Principles and operation - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) |
| Topic 5: Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - HMAC construction and application - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
| Topic 6: Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP |
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NEW QUESTION # 54
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set- typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation. Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 55
(What is the primary purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in relation to encryption?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
HIPAA is a U.S. regulation focused on protecting the privacy and security of protected health information (PHI). In relation to encryption, HIPAA's Security Rule requires covered entities and business associates to implement appropriate administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic PHI. Encryption is widely recognized as a key technical safeguard for confidentiality-protecting PHI in transit (e.g., over networks) and at rest (e.g., on storage devices) by making data unreadable without the proper keys. HIPAA does not standardize encryption across all industries, nor does it prohibit electronic health records; it regulates how they must be protected. While HIPAA often uses the term "addressable" for encryption controls (meaning organizations must implement it if reasonable and appropriate, or document an equivalent alternative), the overarching purpose remains protection of patient information through secure measures, with encryption as a central mechanism. Therefore, the best answer is ensuring confidentiality of patient information through secure measures like encryption.
NEW QUESTION # 56
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 256-bit key size and a 128-bit block size?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher standardized to operate on a fixed
128-bit block size and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. When the key size is 256 bits, the cipher is commonly referred to as AES-256, but the block size remains 128 bits regardless of key length.
This combination (256-bit key, 128-bit block) matches the question precisely. By comparison, DES uses a 64-bit block size with a 56-bit effective key. 3DES also uses a 64-bit block size and effectively applies DES three times, yielding an effective key length typically cited as 112 bits (two-key 3DES) or 168 bits (three-key 3DES), depending on how keys are configured. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size with a 128-bit key. Therefore, the only listed algorithm that supports a 256-bit key while maintaining a 128-bit block size is AES. This is one reason AES is widely adopted for modern symmetric encryption: strong key sizes with efficient implementation and broad standardization.
NEW QUESTION # 57
(What is lattice-based cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lattice-based cryptography refers to cryptographic constructions whose security is based on the computational hardness of problems on mathematical lattices (regular grids of points in high-dimensional space). Examples of hard lattice problems include the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and Closest Vector Problem (CVP), and practical schemes often use related problems like Learning With Errors (LWE) or Ring- LWE. These problems are believed to remain hard even for quantum computers, making lattice-based cryptography a major candidate family for post-quantum cryptography. Lattice schemes can support encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange, often with strong security reductions (worst-case to average- case) and efficient implementations. The word "lattice" here is not about simple point encoding; it's about relying on geometric/algebraic structures and noise-based hardness assumptions. It is also unrelated to blockchain "options." While many lattice schemes do involve modular arithmetic internally, what defines the category is the underlying lattice hardness assumptions, not modular arithmetic alone. Therefore, the correct definition is a cryptographic scheme based on geometric lattices.
NEW QUESTION # 58
(A security analyst uses a polyalphabetic substitution cipher with a keyword of YELLOW to encrypt a message. Which cipher should be used to encrypt the message?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
A polyalphabetic substitution cipher uses multiple substitution alphabets rather than a single fixed mapping. The classic cipher that uses a keyword to select shifting alphabets across the message is the Vigenere cipher. In Vigenere, each plaintext letter is shifted by an amount determined by the corresponding key letter (repeating the keyword as needed). For example, a keyword like "YELLOW" is aligned under the plaintext; each key character defines a Caesar shift (A=0, B=1, ...) applied to the plaintext character, producing ciphertext. This rotation of alphabets across positions makes Vigenere more resistant to simple frequency analysis than monoalphabetic substitution, because the same plaintext letter may encrypt to different ciphertext letters depending on its position relative to the key.
The Pigpen cipher is a symbol substitution cipher, Caesar is monoalphabetic with a single shift, and Playfair is a digraph substitution cipher using a 5×5 key square, not the repeating-key polyalphabetic method described. Therefore, the correct cipher is Vigenere.
NEW QUESTION # 59
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