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Format: Multiple choices, multiple answers
NEW QUESTION # 142
A 68-year-old patient is anxious with shortness of breath and crackles in their basal lungs. The patient ' s skin is pale and clammy. The vital signs are BP 180/100, P 100, and R 22 and shallow. Which of the following positions would be the most appropriate for transport?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Fowler.
This patient is presenting with signs of acute pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure, including:
* Shortness of breath
* Crackles (fluid in the lungs)
* Hypertension
* Anxiety and pale, clammy skin
In such cases, the best position is upright (Fowler's position) to improve breathing.
Why B is correct:
* Fowler's position (sitting upright) helps maximize lung expansion.
* It reduces venous return to the heart, decreasing pulmonary congestion.
* It improves oxygenation and patient comfort in respiratory distress.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Supine # Worsens breathing by increasing pressure on the lungs and fluid accumulation
* C. Semi-Fowler # Helpful, but not as effective as full Fowler's for severe respiratory distress
* D. Lateral recumbent # Used for unconscious patients or airway protection, not respiratory distress Exact Extracts:
* "Patients with respiratory distress should be placed in a sitting or Fowler's position if tolerated."
* "An upright position facilitates breathing and improves lung expansion."
* "Pulmonary edema patients benefit from being positioned upright to reduce fluid in the lungs." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 143
An infectious disease spread by the fecal-oral route that is considered an acute infection with a currently available vaccine is
Answer: C
Explanation:
Hepatitis A is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water. It leads to an acute liver infection, not a chronic condition. Unlike Hepatitis C, which has no vaccine, Hepatitis A has an effective vaccine and is preventable with proper hygiene and immunization.
Hepatitis B is spread through blood and sexual contact, not fecal-oral. Hepatitis E is also fecal-oral but is rare in the U.S. and doesn ' t have a widely used vaccine.
References:
CDC Hepatitis A Fact Sheet (2023)
NREMT Infectious Disease Control Guidelines
AAOS "Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured" (11th ed.), Chapter: Infectious and Communicable Diseases
NEW QUESTION # 144
When using the SALT method for triage, which of the following interventions should the EMT perform during the individual assessment step?
Answer: D
Explanation:
SALT (Sort, Assess, Lifesaving interventions, Treatment/Transport) is a mass casualty triage method recommended by the CDC and the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP). During the " Assess
" step, responders:
* Check respirations
* Provide lifesaving interventions such as rescue breaths if the patient is not breathing but has a pulse
* Evaluate mentation (e.g., ability to follow commands)
Airway adjuncts and full transport do not happen at this stage. Scorecards and pediatric-specific modifications are addressed later in the protocol.
References:
NREMT EMS Operations - Mass Casualty and Triage Guidelines
CDC SALT Mass Casualty Triage Guidelines
National EMS Education Standards - Disaster Response
NEW QUESTION # 145
An 86-year-old patient involved in a motor vehicle collision struck a knee on the dashboard. What injuries are most associated with the knee impacting the dashboard? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
The correct answers are B. Femur fracture and E. Posterior hip dislocation.
This mechanism is classically known as a "dashboard injury", where the knee strikes the dashboard during a motor vehicle collision. The force is transmitted along the femur toward the hip.
Why B is correct (Femur fracture):
The force applied to the knee travels up the femur, which can result in:
Femoral shaft fractures
Significant internal bleeding
NREMT trauma guidance states:
"High-energy impacts to the lower extremities can result in femur fractures." Why E is correct (Posterior hip dislocation):
Dashboard injuries commonly cause:
Posterior displacement of the femoral head from the acetabulum
This occurs when the femur is driven backward while the hip is flexed
NREMT-aligned content:
"A blow to the knee in a seated position can result in posterior hip dislocation." Why the other options are incorrect:
A). Tibia fracture: More commonly associated with direct lower leg trauma, not classic dashboard mechanism.
C). Ruptured peritoneum: Not a typical injury from this mechanism.
D). Rupture of the bladder: More associated with pelvic fractures, not isolated dashboard knee impact.
Exact Extracts:
"A dashboard injury can transmit force up the femur causing hip dislocation."
"Posterior hip dislocation is commonly associated with knee impact in MVCs."
"Femur fractures are common in high-energy trauma."
References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Musculoskeletal Injuries)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Trauma Emergencies Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Mechanisms of Injury and Trauma Assessment
NEW QUESTION # 146
A 15-year-old patient is unresponsive following an assault. The patient has a stab wound on the chest, which is gurgling. The vital signs are BP 76/48 mmHg, P 146/min, R 26/min, and SpO# 90% on room air.
Which of the following types of shock is the most likely cause of the patient's presentation?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Based on NREMT standards):
This patient has signs of penetrating chest trauma, severe hypotension, tachycardia, and respiratory distress.
A gurgling chest wound suggests an open pneumothorax, which can progress to tension pneumothorax.
Option C (Obstructive shock) is correct because air trapped in the chest can compress the heart and great vessels, preventing adequate cardiac output.
Option A is less likely because although blood loss may be present, the chest injury suggests impaired circulation due to pressure.
Option B involves pump failure, not trauma-related compression.
Option D involves abnormal vessel dilation, not mechanical obstruction.
NREMT emphasizes rapid recognition of obstructive shock and immediate intervention with occlusive dressings and rapid transport.
NEW QUESTION # 147
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