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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Key Topics Across All Competencies | - Supply and Demand Shifts - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Impacts - Global Business Strategies and Porter's Framework - Elastic vs. Inelastic Goods - International Trade Policies (Tariffs, Quotas) - Currency Appreciation and Depreciation |
| Topic 2: Competency 3: Economic Decision-Making by Firms and Customers | - Consumer Behavior (Budget Constraint, Indifference Curves) - Firm Behavior Under Different Market Structures (Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly) |
| Topic 3: Competency 1: International Trade and Currency Exchange | - Currency Exchange Rate Determination - Impact of Interest Rates on Financial Flows and Exchange Rates - Introduction to International Trade Theories |
| Topic 4: Competency 2: Political and Economic Forces | - Market Economy vs. Command Economy - Property Rights and the Rule of Law |
>> Global-Economics-for-Managers日本語対策問題集 <<
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質問 # 106
In which situation is the contender strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thecontender strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is high, but competitive assets are customized to home markets, making option B correct. This strategy is typically adopted by domestic firms facing strong competition from multinational enterprises (MNEs) in industries that are becoming increasingly global.
High pressure to globalize means that firms must compete on an international scale, often due to global customers, standardized products, or strong foreign competitors. However, when a firm's competitive assets- such as brand reputation, customer relationships, distribution networks, or regulatory knowledge-are deeply rooted in the home market, they are not easily transferable abroad. In this situation, the firm cannot immediately expand internationally without losing its competitive advantage.
Under a contender strategy, firms focus ondefending and strengthening their domestic positionwhile gradually upgrading capabilities to prepare for future global competition. This may involve improving efficiency, investing in technology, forming selective alliances, or learning from foreign competitors operating in the home market.
Option A describes conditions suitable for anextender strategy, where firms can leverage transferable assets internationally. Options C and D reflect low pressure to globalize and are more consistent with defender or dodger strategies rather than contender behavior.
Therefore, option B best captures the conditions under which the contender strategy is applied in response to MNE competition.
質問 # 107
Which scenario most likely describes a late mover?
正解：B
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, alate moveris a firm that enters a market after early entrants and first movers, often benefiting from reduced uncertainty, making option D the correct answer. Late movers observe the successes and failures of pioneers and can adapt their strategies accordingly.
Option D correctly reflects this advantage: late moversface fewer market uncertaintiesbecause demand patterns, customer preferences, regulatory environments, and competitive dynamics are more clearly established. This allows them to avoid costly mistakes made by early entrants and adopt proven technologies or business models.
Option A, erecting significant barriers to entry, is typically associated withfirst moverswho gain early control over key resources or distribution channels. Option B, gaining advantage through proprietary technology, also aligns more closely with early or first movers. Option C, making preemptive investments, is a classic first- mover strategy aimed at discouraging later entrants.
Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that while late movers may lack early brand recognition, they can still succeed by entering with superior products, lower costs, or more efficient processes. For managers, understanding late-mover advantages helps in timing market entry decisions and assessing competitive risks.
Therefore, option D most accurately describes a late-mover scenario.
質問 # 108
What does producer surplus measure?
正解：C
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,producer surplusmeasuresthe benefit that sellers receive from participating in a market, making option A the correct answer. Producer surplus represents the difference between the price sellers receive for a good and the minimum price they are willing to accept to produce that good.
This concept reflects the gains to producers from market transactions. At a given market price, some producers are willing to supply goods at lower costs than others. When the market price exceeds a producer's cost of production, that producer earns a surplus. Summing this surplus across all producers yields total producer surplus.
Option B refers to a shortage or surplus condition, not producer surplus. Option C describeseconomic well- being, which is more broadly measured by indicators like GDP or total surplus. Option D definesconsumer surplus, which measures benefits to buyers, not sellers.
Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that producer surplus, together with consumer surplus, forms total economic surplus, a key measure of market efficiency. Policies such as taxes, subsidies, and price controls affect producer surplus by changing prices and quantities.
For managers, understanding producer surplus helps analyze how market prices, costs, and policy interventions affect firm profitability and incentives. Therefore, option A correctly defines producer surplus.
質問 # 109
How does the Federal Reserve lower the federal funds rate?
正解：A
解説：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, the Federal Reserve lowers thefederal funds ratebypurchasing government bonds, making option C correct.
Bond purchases increase bank reserves, easing liquidity conditions in the interbank market. With more reserves available, banks lend to each other at lower interest rates, reducing the federal funds rate.
Options A and B raise interest rates, while option D is fiscal policy.
Therefore, option C is correct.
質問 # 110
The benefit attributed to firms that enter a market before other firms in the same market segment is best described by which term?
正解：A
解説：
In Global Economics for Managers , the benefit enjoyed by firms that enter a market before competitors is known as first-mover advantage , making option C correct. First movers are firms that are pioneers in introducing new products, technologies, or business models into a market.
First-mover advantages can arise from several sources. Early entrants may be able to build brand recognition
, secure control over scarce resources , establish customer loyalty , or set industry standards that later entrants must follow. In some cases, first movers can erect significant barriers to entry, making it difficult for competitors to gain market share.
However, Global Economics for Managers also notes that first-mover advantages are not guaranteed. Early entrants face higher uncertainty, development costs, and the risk of technological obsolescence. Nevertheless, when successful, first movers can sustain long-term competitive advantages.
Option A refers to late-mover advantage, which arises from reduced uncertainty. Option B is not a standard strategic concept. Option D relates to cost efficiencies across products, not timing of entry.
Thus, option C correctly identifies first-mover advantage.
質問 # 111
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