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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-Cluster Connectivity - Service Discovery and Load Balancing |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks - Egress Connectivity |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
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NEW QUESTION # 11
If you are required to block ingress traffic from external IPs for all pods in your cluster, which of the following network policies would be the best fit?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A cluster-wide requirement is best implemented with CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy , whose correct resource spelling is CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy . Unlike a namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy , this Cilium CRD is non-namespaced and can select endpoints across the entire cluster.
To deny external ingress for every Cilium-managed pod, a cluster-wide policy can use an empty endpointSelector and an ingressDeny rule selecting the world entity. Cilium defines world as network endpoints outside the cluster. An alternative allow-list construction can permit only the cluster entity, thereby excluding external sources, but an explicit deny rule usually communicates the requirement more directly.
A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy and a CiliumNetworkPolicy are namespaced, requiring repeated resources in every applicable namespace. CiliumGlobalPolicy is not a valid Cilium resource type. Although the option capitalizes "Wide" differently from the actual kind, D unmistakably identifies the intended cluster- scoped policy.
Official references
Cilium Deny Policies , Cilium Network Policy Types
Study Guide topic: Cluster-scoped policies, external traffic, and reserved entities.
NEW QUESTION # 12
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the identity-based network security model used by Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives an endpoint's security identity from its security-relevant labels rather than from its current IP address. When multiple endpoints possess the same relevant label set, they receive and share the same numeric security identity. This enables policies to follow an application as pods are recreated, rescheduled, or scaled across nodes.
In Kubernetes, the Cilium agent obtains workload metadata through the Kubernetes API and associates the pod's labels with the corresponding Cilium endpoint. Identity allocation converts the relevant label set into a cluster-wide identity. Policy enforcement then matches that identity in the eBPF datapath instead of depending exclusively on short-lived pod addresses.
Option A incorrectly makes the IP address the source of identity and says that identities cannot be shared.
Option B incorrectly identifies annotations as the identity foundation. Annotations may configure behavior, but Cilium's security model is label-based. Option D is also incorrect because operators do not ordinarily assign each pod's numeric security identity manually. Identity allocation and lifecycle management are automatic.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identities , Limiting Identity-Relevant Labels
Study Guide topic: Label-derived identities and identity-based policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 13
Which affirmation is true about eBPF host-routing?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
C accurately describes eBPF host-routing. In a conventional datapath, packets may traverse substantial portions of the host networking stack and its iptables hooks even when Cilium performs routing decisions with eBPF. eBPF host-routing takes a more direct datapath, bypassing iptables and the upper host stack while providing a faster transition between the host and pod network namespaces. This reduces processing and context-switching overhead and can improve throughput and latency.
Option A describes load-balancing behavior rather than host routing. Backend distribution is implemented through Cilium's service load-balancer maps and algorithms. Host routing can improve the path used by resulting packets, but it does not itself guarantee even backend selection.
Option B is the description of BIG TCP. BIG TCP increases the size of internal GSO and GRO packets to reduce stack traversal. Although BIG TCP requires eBPF host-routing in supported Cilium configurations, the two are distinct features.
Option D is overly specific and does not define the feature. Host routing optimizes compatible pod traffic generally, subject to kernel, kube-proxy-replacement, masquerading, netfilter, encryption, and integration constraints.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Host-Routing
Study Guide topic: eBPF host-routing, host-stack bypass, veth traversal, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Which component manages the allocation of per-node PodCIDRs in the cluster-scope IPAM (IP address management) mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
In cluster-scope IPAM, the Cilium Operator allocates a PodCIDR to each node from the configured cluster- wide address pool. It records those allocations in each node's CiliumNode custom resource, specifically under spec.ipam.podCIDRs . The Cilium agent waits for this allocation during startup and then performs host-local allocation of individual pod addresses from the CIDR assigned to its node.
This division of responsibility explains why C is correct. The agent consumes its assigned range and allocates endpoint addresses locally, but it does not independently choose the cluster-wide per-node PodCIDR. The Operator coordinates those ranges to prevent nodes from receiving overlapping allocations.
Options A and D describe Kubernetes host-scope IPAM rather than Cilium cluster-scope IPAM. In Kubernetes host-scope mode, the Kubernetes controller manager assigns PodCIDRs and exposes them through spec.podCIDR or spec.podCIDRs in the standard Kubernetes Node resource. Cluster-scope mode is specifically useful when Kubernetes is not configured to perform that allocation or when Cilium should control the cluster address pool.
Therefore, the managing component and resource are the Cilium Operator and CiliumNode , respectively.
Official references
Cluster-Pool IPAM ; Cluster Scope IPAM .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 15
What are the differences between Ingress and Gateway API?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Ingress provides a comparatively simple API for exposing HTTP and HTTPS applications through host- and path-based routing. Gateway API is a broader, extensible family of resources that separates infrastructure configuration from application routing. Resources such as GatewayClass , Gateway , HTTPRoute , GRPCRoute , TLSRoute , TCPRoute , and UDPRoute model listeners, routes, protocols, ownership, and attachment relationships explicitly.
Gateway API was designed around operational roles. An infrastructure provider can manage the GatewayClass , a cluster operator can provision a Gateway , and an application team can own a route attached to that Gateway. This offers clearer delegation than the single Ingress resource and supports protocols and traffic-management functions beyond the original Ingress model.
The two APIs are not simply different names for identical functionality, so A is false. Option C is also inaccurate because Cilium's implementations of both Ingress and Gateway API integrate with its eBPF datapath and Envoy; Ingress is not inherently an iptables-only implementation. Option D incorrectly limits Gateway API to internal routing. It can expose internet-facing applications through generated LoadBalancer or NodePort Services or through host-network listeners.
Official references
Migrating from Ingress to Gateway ; Gateway API Support .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 16
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