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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Machine Learning Development Testing | 10% | - Regression testing for retrained models - Testing ML development workflows - Testing MLOps and deployment pipelines |
| Model Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Model performance and accuracy testing - Drift detection and monitoring - Explainability and transparency testing - Adversarial and robustness testing - Metamorphic and statistical testing |
| Input Data Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Testing for bias, representativeness, and completeness - Validation of data pipelines and preprocessing - Data quality attributes - Label verification and ground truth assessment |
| Testing Generative AI and Large Language Models | 15% | - Evaluation of generative AI outputs - Generative AI fundamentals - Specific risks and test approaches for LLMs |
| Test Approaches and Techniques for AI Systems | 10% | - Test environment and tool considerations - Exploratory testing and red teaming - Risk-based testing - A/B testing and back-to-back testing |
| Test Levels and Machine Learning Systems | 15% | - Test strategies for AI projects - Testing across ML lifecycle stages - Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing for ML |
| Introduction to Testing AI-Based Systems | 10% | - AI-specific quality characteristics - Characteristics of AI and ML systems - Challenges in testing AI-based systems |
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NEW QUESTION # 20
Which ONE of the following options is the MOST APPROPRIATE stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: C
Explanation:
Setting model and algorithm hyperparameters is an essential step in the machine learning workflow, primarily occurring during the tuning phase.
* Evaluating the model (A): This stage involves assessing the model's performance using metrics and does not typically include the setting of hyperparameters.
* Deploying the model (B): Deployment is the stage where the model is put into production and used in real-world applications. Hyperparameters should already be set before this stage.
* Tuning the model (C): This is the correct stage where hyperparameters are set. Tuning involves adjusting the hyperparameters to optimize the model's performance.
* Data testing (D): Data testing involves ensuring the quality and integrity of the data used for training and testing the model. It does not include setting hyperparameters.
Hence, the most appropriate stage of the ML workflow to set model and algorithm hyperparameters isC.
Tuning the model.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 3.2 on the ML Workflow outlines the different stages of the ML process, including the tuning phase where hyperparameters are set.
* Sample Exam Questions document, Question #31 specifically addresses the stage in the ML workflow where hyperparameters are configured.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which two test procedures are BEST suited for CleverPropose system testing?
Choose TWO options (2 out of 5)
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus explains that AI-based decision-support systems benefit strongly fromback-to- back testingandmetamorphic testingwhen oracle problems exist or when limited regression tests are available.
In this scenario, CleverPropose replaces an older advisory system.Back-to-back testing(Option A) is ideal because the outputs of the existing conventional system can serve as areference, enabling comparison against the new AI system. This is exactly what the syllabus recommends when AI is replacing a traditional deterministic system.
Metamorphic testing(Option C) is also appropriate, as stated in Section4.6 - Metamorphic Relations. With limited regression tests and complex decision logic, testers can define metamorphic relations such as "if customer income increases, risk rating should not worsen." These relations allow validation even when exact expected outputs are unavailable.
Exploratory data analysis (Option D) is not a system testing technique. Pairwise testing (Option E) is not well suited for complex AI-based financial advice systems. Adversarial testing (Option B) is more relevant for security-critical or robustness evaluation, not primary system testing for advisory tools.
Thus,A and Care the correct and syllabus-supported choices.
NEW QUESTION # 22
A system was developed for screening the X-rays of patients for potential malignancy detection (skin cancer). A workflow system has been developed to screen multiple cancers by using several individually trained ML models chained together in the workflow. Testing the pipeline could involve multiple kind of tests (I - III):
I . Pairwise testing of combinations
II . Testing each individual model for accuracy
III . A/B testing of different sequences of models
Which ONE of the following options contains the kinds of tests that would be MOST APPROPRIATE to include in the strategy for optimal detection?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The question asks which combination of tests would be most appropriate to include in the strategy for optimal detection in a workflow system using multiple ML models.
Pairwise testing of combinations (I): This method is useful for testing interactions between different components in the workflow to ensure they work well together, identifying potential issues in the integration.
Testing each individual model for accuracy (II): Ensuring that each model in the workflow performs accurately on its own is crucial before integrating them into a combined workflow.
A/B testing of different sequences of models (III): This involves comparing different sequences to determine which configuration yields the best results. While useful, it might not be as fundamental as pairwise and individual accuracy testing in the initial stages.
NEW QUESTION # 23
An airline has created a ML model to project fuel requirements for future flights. The model imports weather data such as wind speeds and temperatures, calculates flight routes based on historical routings from air traffic control, and estimates loads from average passenger and baggage weights. The model performed within an acceptable standard for the airline throughout the summer but as winter set in the load weights became less accurate. After some exploratory data analysis it became apparent that luggage weights were higher in the winter than in summer.
Which of the following statements BEST describes the problem and how it could have been prevented?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The problem described in the question is a classic case ofconcept drift. Concept drift occurs when the relationship between input variables and the output variable changes over time, leading to a decline in model accuracy.
In this scenario, theaverage passenger and baggage weightsused in the model changed due to seasonal variations, but the model was not updated accordingly. This resulted in inaccurate predictions for fuel requirements in the winter season. This is an example ofseasonal drift, where model behavior changes periodically due to recurring trends (e.g., higher luggage weights in winter compared to summer).
To prevent such problems:
* Themodel should be regularly testedfor concept drift against agreed ML functional performance criteria.
* Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)should be performed periodically to detect gradual changes in input distributions.
* Retraining of the modelwith updated training data should be done to maintain accuracy.
* If drift is detected, mitigation techniques such asincremental learning, retraining with new data, or adjusting model parametersshould be employed.
* Option B (Easing the performance standard instead of addressing drift): Lowering the performance standard is not a solution; it only masks the problem without fixing it. Instead, regular testing and retraining should be used to handle drift properly.
* Option C (Corruption and reloading the model): Model corruption is unrelated to this issue.
Corruption refers to accidental or malicious damage to the model or data, whereas this case is due to a changing data environment.
* Option D (Lack of transparency): Transparency refers to how understandable the model's decisions are, but the problem here is a change in data distributions, making drift the primary concern.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.6: Testing for Concept Drift)
* "The operational environment can change over time without the trained model changing correspondingly. This phenomenon is known as concept drift and typically causes the outputs of the model to become increasingly less accurate and less useful."
* "Systems that may be prone to concept drift should be regularly tested against their agreed ML functional performance criteria to ensure that any occurrences of concept drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated."
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 7.7: Selecting a Test Approach for an ML System)
* "If concept drift is detected, it may be mitigated by retraining the system with up-to-date training data followed by confirmation testing, regression testing, and possibly A/B testing where the updated system must outperform the original system." Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the question describes a situation whereseasonal variations affected input data distributions, the correct answer isA: The model suffers from drift and therefore should be regularly tested to ensure that any occurrences of drift are detected soon enough for the problem to be mitigated.
NEW QUESTION # 24
Which of the following descriptions of quality aspects of a data set is correct?
Choose ONE option (1 out of 4)
Answer: C
Explanation:
The ISTQB CT-AI syllabus describes severaldata quality aspectsthat affect ML performance. In Section2.2
- Data Preparation, it explains that datasets may suffer from issues such asincomplete data,irrelevant data, incorrect data,unbalanced data, or data lacking preprocessing. "Incomplete data" means thatportions of the required data are missing, often because some time periods, records, or sources were not captured. This aligns exactly with Option A, which correctly identifies missing intervals as incomplete data.
Option B is incorrect: "data not preprocessed" refers to data that has not undergone normalization, cleaning, or transformation-not data recorded incorrectly. Option C is wrong because irrelevant datadoesnegatively affect ML models by introducing noise and unnecessary features. The syllabus explicitly states that including irrelevant features can degrade model learning. Option D is incorrect: "unbalanced data" relates to disproportionate class distribution, not recency or freshness of data.
Thus, OptionAis the only statement that correctly matches the syllabus definition of this data quality aspect.
NEW QUESTION # 25
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