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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 2: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 4: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 5: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 7: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 8: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
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NEW QUESTION # 53
You must add Hubble to your Kubernetes cluster where Cilium is NOT the installed CNI. Your cluster is already running in production and you must minimise downtime.
Which method is the most appropriate?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble obtains its visibility from Cilium's eBPF datapath, and the Hubble Server is embedded in the Cilium agent. Hubble therefore cannot provide its normal flow-observability capabilities as a standalone installation without Cilium, eliminating B.
CNI chaining allows Cilium to coexist with a supported existing CNI. The original plugin continues to supply base connectivity and IP address management, while Cilium attaches eBPF programs to the created network devices. Those programs provide visibility, policy enforcement, and other Cilium functionality. Hubble can then be enabled on top of the chained Cilium deployment. This approach avoids an immediate, disruptive replacement of the production cluster's networking layer and is consequently the best answer.
Options C and D could be appropriate in broader migration projects, particularly when a current CNI is incompatible with chaining or when full native-Cilium functionality is required. However, both imply substantially more workload movement or cutover activity than the stated objective of minimizing downtime.
Compatibility, chaining mode, current CNI behavior, kernel requirements, and feature limitations must still be validated before production rollout.
Official references
Cilium CNI Chaining , Hubble Internals , Troubleshooting Hubble
Study Guide topic: Hubble prerequisites, CNI chaining, and production adoption.
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the identity-based network security model used by Cilium?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium derives an endpoint's security identity from its security-relevant labels rather than from its current IP address. When multiple endpoints possess the same relevant label set, they receive and share the same numeric security identity. This enables policies to follow an application as pods are recreated, rescheduled, or scaled across nodes.
In Kubernetes, the Cilium agent obtains workload metadata through the Kubernetes API and associates the pod's labels with the corresponding Cilium endpoint. Identity allocation converts the relevant label set into a cluster-wide identity. Policy enforcement then matches that identity in the eBPF datapath instead of depending exclusively on short-lived pod addresses.
Option A incorrectly makes the IP address the source of identity and says that identities cannot be shared.
Option B incorrectly identifies annotations as the identity foundation. Annotations may configure behavior, but Cilium's security model is label-based. Option D is also incorrect because operators do not ordinarily assign each pod's numeric security identity manually. Identity allocation and lifecycle management are automatic.
Official references
Cilium Terminology and Identities , Limiting Identity-Relevant Labels
Study Guide topic: Label-derived identities and identity-based policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Which one of the following commands will correctly display show the Cilium configuration?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
cilium config view is the Cilium CLI command used to display the current Cilium configuration. It reads the configuration associated with the selected Kubernetes context, Cilium namespace, and Helm release. The command belongs to the cilium config command group, which manages installation configuration.
Option B reverses the expected command structure and does not correspond to a documented Cilium CLI operation. Option D resembles command syntax used on traditional network appliances but is not part of the Cilium CLI. Option C is both textually corrupted and conceptually inaccurate: Cilium configuration is not generally exposed through a cluster-wide resource named ciliumconfig.cilium.io . Runtime settings are commonly represented through the Cilium ConfigMap and Helm release values, while specialized resources such as CiliumNodeConfig apply targeted per-node configuration.
The wording "display show" is a source-bank editing defect but does not affect the answer. Administrators should also distinguish the external cilium management CLI from cilium-dbg , which runs with or communicates with the node-local Cilium agent and provides detailed datapath and agent diagnostics.
Official references
cilium config view , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Cilium CLI configuration inspection and command structure.
NEW QUESTION # 56
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 57
What is the issue with the following egress gateway manifest specification?
Egress gateway manifest exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The manifest specifies both interface: net1 and egressIP: 10.3.4.5 in the same egressGateway configuration.
These properties are mutually exclusive. Cilium ignores an Egress Gateway policy containing both, so A correctly identifies the defect.
When interface is supplied, Cilium uses the selected interface and chooses its first suitable IPv4 and IPv6 addresses as the SNAT addresses. When egressIP is supplied, that address must already be assigned to a network device on the chosen gateway node; Cilium determines the corresponding interface through a route lookup. Administrators may also omit both fields, causing Cilium to select the default-route interface and its addresses.
Option B is incorrect because matchLabels can contain multiple label key-value pairs, as the exhibit does with app: blog and component: backend . Option C is false because the egress address need not be publicly routable; private addresses are valid when routing and upstream network design support them. Option D is false because Cilium does not restrict gateway interfaces to names beginning with eth .
Official references
Cilium Egress Gateway
Study Guide topic: Egress Gateway node selection, interface selection, and SNAT addresses.
NEW QUESTION # 58
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