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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Ethics and Organizational Responsibility | - Corporate social responsibility - Ethical decision making in organizations |
| Topic 2: Organizational Structure and Culture | - Organizational culture and change - Organizational design and structure types |
| Topic 3: Teams and Group Dynamics | - Team formation and development stages - Group decision-making and conflict resolution |
| Topic 4: Foundations of Organizational Behavior | - Definition and scope of organizational behavior - Work attitudes and job satisfaction - Individual behavior in organizations |
| Topic 5: Motivation and Performance | - Goal setting and performance management - Motivation theories (Maslow, Herzberg, McClelland, Expectancy theory) |
| Topic 6: Communication and Decision Making | - Decision-making models and biases - Organizational communication processes |
| Topic 7: Human Resource and Workplace Behavior | - Performance evaluation and feedback systems - Recruitment, selection, and onboarding concepts |
| Topic 8: Leadership and Management | - Leadership styles and theories - Power, influence, and authority |
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질문 # 27
What is a personal view of how one is supposed to act in a given group situation?
정답：C
설명：
In the context of group dynamics, "roles" refer to a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Within this framework,Role Perceptionis defined as an individual' s own view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. We get these perceptions from various stimuli around us-friends, books, movies, or observing how successful colleagues behave.
It is important to distinguish Role Perception fromRole Expectations, which are howothersbelieve a person should act in a given situation. For example, a manager might have a role expectation that a supervisor should be stern, but the supervisor's own role perception might be that they should be a supportive mentor. When role perception and role expectation do not align, it can lead to confusion or poor performance.Role Identityrefers to the certain attitudes and behaviors consistent with a role, whileRole Conflictoccurs when an individual finds that compliance with one role requirement may make it difficult to comply with another. Because the question specifically asks for thepersonal viewof behavior, "Role Perception" is the correct technical term.
질문 # 28
What is one of the six primary characteristics that define an organization's culture?
정답：C
설명：
Research suggests that seven (often grouped into six or seven in various texts) primary characteristics capture the essence of an organization's culture. One of these key characteristics isAggressiveness, which describes the degree to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing.
Other characteristics include:
* Innovation and Risk Taking:The degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks.
* Attention to Detail:The degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision and analysis.
* Outcome Orientation:The degree to which management focuses on results rather than techniques and processes.
* People Orientation:The degree to which management decisions take into account the effect of outcomes on people within the organization.
* Team Orientation:The degree to which work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals.
* Stability:The degree to which organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth.
By assessing an organization on these dimensions, a complete picture of its culture emerges, providing a basis for shared understanding among members.
질문 # 29
What is an aspect of cross-functional teams that makes them difficult to manage?
정답：D
설명：
Cross-functional teams are composed of employees from about the same hierarchical level but from different work areas-such as marketing, finance, and production-who come together to accomplish a task. While these teams are highly effective for coordinating complex projects and solving problems that require diverse perspectives, they are notoriously difficult to manage in the early stages.
The primary challenge is thatit takes time to build trust and teamworkamong people with different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. Each member comes from a different functional "culture" with its own jargon, priorities, and ways of looking at a problem. For example, a member from the engineering department might prioritize technical perfection, while a member from the marketing department might prioritize speed to market. These differing perspectives can lead to conflict and misunderstandings during the initial stages of group development. Furthermore, because members have primary loyalties to their home departments, creating a sense of "team identity" takes significant effort from the leader. Leaders of cross- functional teams must spend considerable time facilitating communication, resolving interpersonal conflicts, and aligning the various functional goals into a single project vision. Until a baseline of mutual trust is established, the team may struggle with "silo" thinking, where members protect their own department's interests rather than working toward the team's collective goal. Only after the team moves through the
"storming" phase of development and builds trust can it begin to leverage its diverse skills for high performance.
질문 # 30
A coach encourages a person to run two miles in ten minutes and provides the person a stopwatch to check periodically. The person completes the run in 9.8 minutes. Considering the goal-setting theory of motivation, which two factors explain why the person achieved the goal?
정답：D
설명：
Edwin Locke'sGoal-Setting Theorysuggests that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance. The theory identifies several key components that drive motivation. First isSpecificity. In this case, the coach did not just say "run fast"; they set a specific target of "two miles in ten minutes". Specific goals act as an internal stimulus, providing a clear sense of what needs to be done and how much effort is required.
Image of Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation
The second critical factor isFeedback. By providing a stopwatch, the coach allowed the runner to monitor their own progress. Feedback helps individuals identify discrepancies between what they have done and what they want to do; it guides behavior and motivates the individual to adjust their effort level to meet the goal.
While "challenge" is also a part of the theory (as difficult goals lead to higher performance), the presence of the stopwatch specifically addresses the feedback mechanism, and the clear time-distance parameters address specificity. Therefore, the combination of a clearly defined target (specificity) and the ability to track progress (feedback) are the primary drivers for the runner achieving the 9.8-minute result.
질문 # 31
Which team type takes on many responsibilities of their former supervisors?
정답：A
설명：
ASelf-managed work teamis a group of employees (typically 10 to 15) who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. In a traditional work structure, a supervisor would handle tasks such as planning and scheduling work, assigning tasks to members, making operating decisions, and taking action on problems. In a self-managed environment, the team collectively takes over these managerial duties.
These teams may even select their own members and evaluate each other's performance. The goal of organizing into self-managed teams is to increase employee involvement and empowerment, theoretically leading to higher job satisfaction and productivity through synergy and collective control. Unlike "problem- solving teams," which only make recommendations, self-managed teams have the authority to implement solutions and take full responsibility for outcomes. While this can be highly effective, the success of self- managed teams depends heavily on the organizational culture and the level of training provided to employees.
If members are not prepared for the interpersonal demands of self-management-such as resolving internal conflicts or managing the pace of work-the team can struggle. However, when properly implemented, self- managed teams represent the highest level of team autonomy in organizational design.
질문 # 32
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