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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: The Power of the Command Line | 40% | - Pipes, Redirection and Variables
|
| Topic 2: Finding Your Way on a Linux System | 20% | - Using Directories and Listing Files
|
| Topic 3: Security and File Permissions | 13% | - Managing File Permissions
|
| Topic 4: The Linux Operating System | 20% | - Choosing an Operating System
|
| Topic 5: The Linux Community and a Career in Open Source | 7% | - Open Source Software and Licensing
|
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NEW QUESTION # 73
Running the command rm Downloads leads to the following error:
rm: cannot remove `Downloads/': Is a directory
Which of the following commands can be used instead to remove Downloads, assuming Downloads is empty? (Choose two correct answers.)
Answer: A,E
NEW QUESTION # 74
The file script.sh in the current directory contains the following content:
#!/bin/bash echo $MYVAR
The following commands are used to execute this script:
MYVAR=value
./script.sh
The result is an empty line instead of the content of the variable MYVAR. How should MYVAR be set in order to make script.sh display the content of MYVAR?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The reason why the script.sh does not display the content of the variable MYVAR is that the variable is not exported to the environment of the script. When a script is executed, it runs in a separate process that inherits the environment variables from the parent process, but not the shell variables. A shell variable is a variable that is defined and visible only in the current shell session, while an environment variable is a variable that is exported to the environment and visible to all processes that run in that environment1.
To make a shell variable an environment variable, we need to use the export command. The export command takes a shell variable name and adds it to the environment of the current shell and any subshells or processes that are created from it2. For example, to export the variable MYVAR with the value value, we can use:
export MYVAR=value
This will make the variable MYVAR available to the script.sh when it is executed, and the script will print the value of MYVAR as expected. Alternatively, we can also use the export command with the -n option to remove a variable from the environment, or with the -p option to list all the environment variables2.
The other options are not valid ways to set MYVAR as an environment variable. The !MYVAR=value option is not a valid syntax for setting a variable in bash. The env MYVAR=value option will run the env command with the MYVAR=value argument, which will print the environment variables with the addition of MYVAR=value, but it will not affect the current shell or the script.sh3. The MYVAR=value option will set MYVAR as a shell variable, but not as an environment variable, so it will not be visible to the script.sh1. The
$MYVAR=value option will try to set the variable whose name is the value of MYVAR to the value value, which is not what we want4. References:
* Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
* Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
* env(1) - Linux manual page
* Bash Variables - LinuxConfig.org
NEW QUESTION # 75
What command displays manual pages? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
man
Explanation:
The command that displays manual pages for Linux commands is the man command. The man command is used to display the manual pages for a given command or topic. For example, to view the manual page for the ls command, you can type:
man ls
This will open the manual page for the ls command in a pager, which allows you to scroll and search through the text. You can also specify the section number of the manual page if there are multiple pages with the same name. For example, to view the manual page for the passwd command in section 1, you can type:
man 1 passwd
The man command is one of the most useful and important commands for learning and using Linux. It provides detailed information about the syntax, options, arguments, examples, and other aspects of a command or topic. You can also use the --help option to get a brief summary of the usage and options of a command. For example, to get a quick help for the man command, you can type:
man --help
To learn more about the man command and how to use it effectively, you can refer to the following resources:
Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
How to Access Manual Pages for Linux Commands - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration How to Easily Read a Linux Man Page - Make Tech Easier
NEW QUESTION # 76
Which of the following are typical services offered by public cloud providers? (Choose three correct answers.)
Answer: A,C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
These are the three most common service models offered by public cloud providers12. They differ in the level of abstraction and control they provide to the customers.
* Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers a ready-to-use platform for developing, testing, and deploying applications. The provider manages the underlying infrastructure, such as servers, storage, network, and operating system, while the customer only needs to focus on the application code andconfiguration. Examples of PaaS include Google App Engine, IBM Cloud Foundry, and Microsoft Azure App Service12.
* Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers access to fundamental compute, network, and storage resources on demand over the public Internet or through dedicated connections. The provider manages the physical hardware and virtualization layer, while the customer has full control over the configuration and management of the virtual machines, operating system, and applications. Examples of IaaS include Google Compute Engine, IBM Cloud Virtual Servers, and Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines12.
* Software as a Service (SaaS) is a service model where the public cloud provider offers ready-to-use software applications that run on the provider's infrastructure and are accessible through a web browser or a mobile app. The provider manages the entire software stack, including the infrastructure, platform, and application, while the customer only needs to pay for the usage or subscription of the service. Examples of SaaS include Google Workspace, IBM Watson, and Microsoft Office 36512.
References:
* What is Public Cloud | IBM
* What Is a Public Cloud? | Google Cloud
NEW QUESTION # 77
Which permissions are set on a regular file once the permissions have been modified with the command chmod 654 file.txt?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The chmod command is used to change the permissions of files and directories. The permissions are represented by three sets of three characters, indicating the permissions for the owner, the group, and the others. Each character can be either r (read), w (write), x (execute), or - (no permission). The chmod command can use either symbolic or numeric mode to specify the permissions. In this question, the numeric mode is used, which consists of three digits from 0 to 7. Each digit is the sum of the permissions for each set, where r is 4, w is 2, and x is 1. For example, 7 means rwx, 6 means rw-, and 4 means r-. Therefore, the command chmod 654 file.txt sets the permissions as follows:
* The first digit 6 means rw- for the owner, which means the owner can read and write the file, but not execute it.
* The second digit 5 means r-x for the group, which means the group can read and execute the file, but not write it.
* The third digit 4 means r-- for the others, which means the others can only read the file, but not write or execute it.
The resulting permissions are -rw-r-xr-, which is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect because they either have the wrong permissions or the wrong file type. A regular file does not have the d (directory) prefix, and a directory cannot have the - (no file type) prefix. References:
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives: 4.1. Ownership and Permissions1
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Chapter 8. Security and File Permissions - 8.1. Ownership and Permissions - 8.1.1. The chmod Command2
* Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises - Chapter 8. Security and File Permissions - 8.1. Ownership and Permissions - Exercise
8.1.12
NEW QUESTION # 78
......
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