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최신 CIPS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply L4M2 무료샘플문제 (Q18-Q23):

질문 # 18
Gaskins Caskets (GC) is a manufacturing company that wants to identify new suppliers for a number of current parts. GC no longer has technical drawings for the parts and none of the engineers currently working for them have enough knowledge of the parts to write a specification. What could GC do to get accurate pricing from suppliers for these parts to compare to the existing parts?

A. GC could send samples of the parts to prospective suppliers as part of the request for quotation
B. GC could communicate a cost to the suppliers that must be met regardless of the final specification
C. GC could allow suppliers to develop and use their own specification as part of their cost proposal
D. GC ' s engineers could estimate the specification and drawings that are sent to prospective suppliers

정답：A

질문 # 19
A charity is reviewing their spend and budget after an operation in flooded areas. They realise that the operators save money against the budgeting plan. This saving is known as...?

A. Positive budget
B. Positive variance
C. Negative variance
D. Negative budget

정답：C

설명：
The difference between the actual spend and budgeted spend is known as variance. The formula for variance is:
Variance = Actual spend - Budgeted spend
Variances can be adverse/unfavourable or favourable ie they can be positive or negative.
Be very careful with these terms. A positive or a negative variance may be favourable or it may be adverse/ unfavourable.
Adverse variances
Adverse variances are those variances that are unfavourable to the firm. Examples would be sales below plan; costs above budget, cash receipts lower than expected, and overtime payment more than forecast.
Favourable variances
Favourable variances are those variances that are beneficial to the business. Examples would be sales ahead of plan, costs below budget, and wages below forecast.
Positive variance
A positive variance occurs where 'actual' exceeds 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples might be actual sales are ahead of the budget.
Negative variance
A negative variance occurs where 'actual' is less than 'planned' or 'budgeted' value. Examples would be when the raw materials cost less than expected, sales were less than predicted, and labour costs were below the budgeted figure.
When the operators create saving, it means that the Actual spend is less than Budgeted spend. Therefore the variance is negative.
Reference:
- Variance analysis
- CIPS study guide page 57-59
LO 1, AC 1.4

질문 # 20
A procurement team is categorising their purchased items into four quadrants of Kraljic ' s supply chain portfolio matrix. They realise that there are some low-value items which come from very few suppliers in the market. The organisation is critically dependent on these suppliers. The team plans to reduce the dependence by finding alternative sources. Is this a right course of action?

A. No, the organisation should run competitive biddings to exploit the competition
B. Yes, the organisation needs to reduce the supply risks
C. No, there is no way to escape this dependency
D. Yes, this action will dramatically increase the supplier ' s bargaining power

정답：B

설명：
According to Kraljic portfolio matrix, the low-value items with high supply risk are bottleneck items.

The purchasing strategy that is commonly recommended for these products is primarily based on acceptance of the dependence and reduction of the negative effects of the unfavourable position. An alternative strategy suggested by purchasing practitioners is to find other suppliers and move towards the non-critical quadrant.
- Accept dependence, reduce negative consequences: The main focus of this strategy is to assure supply, if necessary even at additional cost. Examples of this strategy are keeping extra stocks of the materials concerned or developing consigned stock agreements with suppliers. By performing a risk analysis firms can identify the most important bottleneck products and consider the implications. A possible action for dealing with unexpected bad dependence positions for certain products is to employ contingency planning.
- Reduce dependence and risk, find other solutions: This strategy is geared towards reducing the dependence on the supplier. The most common way to achieve this is to broaden the specifications of the product or to search for new suppliers.
The procurement team in the scenario has selected reducing dependency by finding alternatives. This is a right strategy for bottleneck item.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 82-84
- Purchasing strategies in the Kraljic matrix-A power and dependence perspective, Marjolein C.J. Caniels, Cees J. Gelderman LO 2, AC 2.1

질문 # 21
Lucy, a junior procurement analyst, has been asked to assess the competitive forces in the garden furniture market. XYZ Ltd is the largest producer of garden furniture in the country. It produces 70% of all the garden furniture manufactured, while the second largest manufacturer produces less than 5% of the garden furniture for the country. Which power does XYZ Ltd possess?

A. Supplier bargaining power
B. Buyer bargaining power
C. Substitute power
D. Purchasing power

정답：A

설명：
This is a classic example of supplier bargaining power. If one company controls a large share of supply (in this case, 70%), it can influence pricing, terms, and buyer conditions.
According to the CIPS L4M2 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Porter ' s Five Forces, supplier power is increased when:
"There are few suppliers, and they dominate the market. This allows them to exert control over pricing, availability, and terms due to lack of competition." Option analysis:
* A. Purchasing power - This applies to buyers, not suppliers.
* B. Substitute power - Not relevant. There's no mention of alternative products.
* C. Supplier bargaining power - Correct. XYZ Ltd dominates the market and can influence terms.
* D. Buyer bargaining power - This would apply if the buyers had more influence, which they don't in this scenario.
Correct answer: C
CIPS Study Guide Reference:
* Module: L4M2 - Defining Business Needs
* Chapter 2: Market Management
* Section: Porter's Five Forces - Supplier Bargaining Power

질문 # 22
Which of the following specific markets is most likely to have the lowest entry barrier?

A. Services
B. Manufacturing
C. Financial
D. Agriculture
E. Retail

정답：A

설명：
Start-up costs are generally low in service industries, and the main requirement is a level of knowledge and skill in that particular service.
LO 2, AC 2.1

질문 # 23
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