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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - MAC and HMAC mechanisms - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) |
| Topic 2: Key Management and PKI | - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure - Key exchange and lifecycle management |
| Topic 3: Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Topic 4: Foundations of Cryptography | - Historical and modern cryptography principles - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | - Block and stream ciphers - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) |
| Topic 6: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
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NEW QUESTION # 36
(What is an attribute of RC4 when used with WEP?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In classic WEP deployments, RC4 was used with what is commonly called "40-bit WEP" (also labeled "64- bit WEP" because it combines a 40-bit secret key with a 24-bit IV to form a 64-bit RC4 seed). The key attribute emphasized in many foundational descriptions of WEP is this 40-bit shared secret length, which was originally chosen due to export restrictions and legacy constraints. Although "104-bit WEP" (sometimes called "128-bit WEP," again counting the 24-bit IV) also existed, the option set here points to the historically standard and widely referenced attribute: a 40-bit key when RC4 is used in WEP. Importantly, WEP's security failure is not only about key size; the 24-bit IV is too small and repeats frequently, and WEP's key scheduling vulnerabilities combined with IV reuse allow attackers to recover the secret key with enough captured frames. Still, among the given options, the correct attribute is the 40-bit key.
NEW QUESTION # 37
(What describes a true random number generator?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
A true random number generator (TRNG) draws randomness from physical phenomena that are inherently unpredictable and not algorithmically reproducible. Because of this, it is nondeterministic:
you cannot feed it the same "input" and expect the same output stream. TRNGs are often slower than PRNGs because they depend on collecting entropy from hardware sources and may require conditioning to remove bias. This aligns with option B: slow and nondeterministic, producing different results even under similar or repeated conditions. Option A describes a deterministic PRNG, where identical seeds yield identical sequences. Option C is unrelated; factorization is a hard math problem used in cryptography (e.g., RSA security assumptions), not a randomness generator definition. Option D describes a counter, which is deterministic and not random. In secure systems, TRNG output may seed a cryptographically secure PRNG to provide both unpredictability and high throughput; but the defining characteristic of a TRNG is nondeterminism from physical entropy. Therefore, option B is correct.
NEW QUESTION # 38
(What is the RC4 encryption key size when utilizing WPA with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
WPA with TKIP was designed as an interim improvement over WEP while still using the RC4 stream cipher for compatibility with legacy hardware. TKIP addresses WEP's major weaknesses by introducing per-packet key mixing, a message integrity mechanism ("Michael"), and replay protection.
In TKIP, the encryption key used with RC4 is 128 bits. Practically, TKIP derives a per-packet RC4 key from a 128-bit temporal key (TK), the transmitter's MAC address, and a sequence counter (TKIP Sequence Counter, TSC) to avoid the simple IV reuse patterns that made WEP easy to break. Even with these improvements, TKIP has known weaknesses and is deprecated in favor of WPA2/WPA3 using AES-based CCMP/GCMP. But strictly for the question asked, TKIP's RC4 keying material is based on a 128-bit key size, not 40/56-bit legacy sizes and not 256-bit.
NEW QUESTION # 39
(What is an alternative to using a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) with certificates?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
OCSP is the primary online alternative to CRLs for checking whether a certificate has been revoked.
With a CRL, a relying party periodically downloads a list of revoked certificate serial numbers published by the issuing CA (or CRL distribution point). That approach can be bandwidth-heavy, introduces latency between revocation and client awareness, and can result in clients using stale revocation data if updates are infrequent. OCSP improves this by allowing a client (or a server on the client's behalf) to query an OCSP responder in near real time about the status of a specific certificate (good, revoked, or unknown). In practice, many TLS deployments use OCSP stapling, where the server periodically fetches a signed OCSP response from the CA's responder and "staples" it to the TLS handshake, reducing client-side network calls and improving privacy (the CA doesn't learn which site the client is visiting). Thus, OCSP provides a more timely, certificate-specific revocation status mechanism than CRLs while preserving the CA's signed assurance.
NEW QUESTION # 40
(Which encryption process sends a list of cipher suites that are supported for encrypted communications?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the TLS handshake, the ClientHello message is the client's opening negotiation message and includes the client's supported cryptographic capabilities. A key part of ClientHello is the offered cipher suites list, which advertises combinations of key exchange, authentication, encryption, and integrity/AEAD algorithms the client is willing to use. The server responds with ServerHello, selecting one of the offered cipher suites (in TLS 1.2 and earlier) and confirming protocol parameters. Forward secrecy is a property achieved by using ephemeral key exchange (e.g., (EC)DHE), not a specific message that "sends a list." "Integrity check" is a security goal/mechanism, not the negotiation step. While TLS 1.3 changes the structure of negotiation (cipher suite list still appears in ClientHello but only covers AEAD and hash; key exchange is negotiated via extensions), the fundamental idea remains: the client proposes supported cipher suites in ClientHello, and the server picks compatible parameters. Therefore, the process that sends the list of supported cipher suites is the ClientHello.
NEW QUESTION # 41
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