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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Social Engineering | 6% | - Identity Theft - Countermeasures & Awareness - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts |
| Cloud Computing | 5% | - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks - Cloud Models & Services - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Security Best Practices |
| Enumeration | 7% | - Enumeration Concepts - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - AI-Driven Enumeration - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures |
| Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Scanning & Analysis Tools - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring |
| Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Evasion Techniques - Honeypot Concepts & Detection |
| Malware Threats | 7% | - AI-Powered Malware - APT & Fileless Malware - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms |
| Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 - Wireless Hacking Tools - Security Best Practices |
| Sniffing | 5% | - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - MITM Attacks - Sniffing Countermeasures - Packet Sniffing Concepts |
| System Hacking | 8% | - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Privilege Escalation - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Maintaining Access |
| Denial-of-Service | 4% | - Defense Mechanisms - Attack Techniques & Botnets - DDoS Tools - DoS & DDoS Concepts |
| Scanning Networks | 8% | - AI-Assisted Scanning - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Host & Port Discovery - Network Scanning Basics - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - Scanning Countermeasures |
| Cryptography | 5% | - Cryptography in Practice - Public Key Infrastructure - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Cryptanalysis & Attacks |
| IoT & OT Security | 4% | - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - Security Controls |
| Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities - Mobile Attack Vectors - Mobile Device Security |
| Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - Reconnaissance Countermeasures - Reconnaissance Concepts - OSINT Techniques |
| Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - API Security Risks - Web Security Countermeasures - Web Server Vulnerabilities - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - SQL Injection & Command Injection |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Information Security Concepts - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK |
| Session Hijacking | 4% | - Session Hijacking Concepts - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Hijacking Techniques - Countermeasures |
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問題 #464
What is a "Collision attack" in cryptography?
答案：B
解題說明：
A collision attack attempts to find two different inputs that generate the same hash value, undermining the integrity properties of the hash function.
問題 #465
While analyzing logs, you observe a large number of TCP SYN packets sent to various ports with no corresponding ACKs. What scanning technique was likely used?
答案：B
解題說明：
This activity clearly indicates a TCP SYN scan, also known as a half-open scan, which is a commonly used stealth scanning technique discussed in CEH v13 Reconnaissance and Network Scanning. In a SYN scan, the attacker sends TCP SYN packets to target ports and observes the responses without completing the TCP three-way handshake.
If the port is open, the target responds with a SYN/ACK packet. The scanner then immediately sends a RST packet instead of the final ACK, leaving the connection half-open. This behavior allows attackers to identify open ports while minimizing log entries and reducing detection by security monitoring tools.
The absence of ACK packets in logs supports this explanation, as the handshake is never completed.
Other options are incorrect because:
* XMAS scans send packets with multiple flags set.
* SYN/ACK scans are primarily used for firewall rule discovery.
* TCP Connect scans complete the full handshake and generate ACKs.
CEH v13 emphasizes that SYN scans are widely used because they balance accuracy and stealth, making them a preferred reconnaissance method for attackers.
問題 #466
Harris is attempting to identify the OS running on his target machine. He inspected the initial TTL in the IP header and the related TCP window size and obtained the following results:
TTL: 64
Window Size: 5840
What is the OS running on the target machine?
答案：A
解題說明：
The TTL (Time-To-Live) and TCP window size are commonly used values for passive OS fingerprinting.
Different operating systems set default values for these fields in IP and TCP headers.
From CEH v13 Official Courseware and tools like Nmap and Netcraft:
* A TTL of 64 and TCP window size of 5840 is a strong indicator of a Linux-based operating system.
* This combination is one of the signature responses used in tools such as Nmap and p0f to fingerprint OS remotely.
Here's a general reference table:
OS
Default TTL
TCP Window Size
Windows
128
8192/65535
Linux
64
5840
Solaris
255
8760
Mac OS
64
65535
Therefore, TTL: 64 + Window Size: 5840 = Linux OS
Incorrect Options:
* A. Solaris typically has a TTL of 255 and a different window size.
* B. Windows defaults to TTL 128.
* C. Mac OS uses TTL 64 but has a window size of 65535.
Reference - CEH v13 Official Courseware:
* Module 03: Scanning Networks
* Section: "OS Detection Using TTL and TCP Window Size"
* Tools: Nmap OS Fingerprinting, Xprobe2
* CEH iLab: OS Fingerprinting with TCP/IP Stack Behavior
問題 #467
At a multinational enterprise in Toronto, a cloud architect observed that one of the development teams had shifted from deploying full applications to writing small, event-driven code snippets that executed automatically in response to triggers such as API calls and file uploads. The team no longer provisioned servers, managed runtime environments, or handled scaling, as the cloud provider dynamically allocated resources only when the code was executed.
Other teams within the organization continued using container-orchestration platforms, browser-based CRM tools, and bundled cloud-service offerings, but this specific team relied entirely on the execution model described above.
Determine the cloud service model being utilized in this scenario.
答案：D
解題說明：
Function-as-a-Service is a serverless cloud execution model in which developers deploy individual functions rather than complete, continuously running applications. A function is invoked by an event-such as an HTTP or API request, message, scheduled event, database change, or file upload. The cloud provider creates the required execution environment, scales it according to demand, and releases or reduces resources when execution finishes.
Every defining FaaS characteristic appears in the question: small code snippets, event-driven triggers, no server provisioning, provider-managed runtimes, and automatic allocation only when the code runs. SaaS provides complete applications to end users, such as a browser-based CRM system. CaaS provides managed facilities for deploying and orchestrating containers but still exposes container-related operational concepts.
XaaS is a broad umbrella term rather than the specific model described.
FaaS reduces infrastructure administration but introduces security considerations involving excessive function permissions, insecure event data, vulnerable dependencies, exposed triggers, secrets management, short-lived execution evidence, and incomplete logging. Functions should receive narrowly scoped identities and validated inputs, while logs must be centralized for investigation. Google Cloud defines FaaS as the serverless compute model that executes small modular functions in response to events while the provider manages the underlying infrastructure and runtime. Google Cloud FaaS overview
問題 #468
There are multiple cloud deployment options depending on how isolated a customer's resources are from those of other customers. Shared environments share the costs and allow each customer to enjoy lower operations expenses. One solution Is for a customer to Join with a group of users or organizations to share a cloud environment. What is this cloud deployment option called?
答案：C
解題說明：
The purpose of this idea is to permit multiple customers to figure on joint projects and applications that belong to the community, where it's necessary to possess a centralized clouds infrastructure. In other words, Community Cloud may be a distributed infrastructure that solves the precise problems with business sectors by integrating the services provided by differing types of clouds solutions.
The communities involved in these projects, like tenders, business organizations, and research companies, specialise in similar issues in their cloud interactions. Their shared interests may include concepts and policies associated with security and compliance considerations, and therefore the goals of the project also .
Community Cloud computing facilitates its users to spot and analyze their business demands better.
Community Clouds could also be hosted during a data center, owned by one among the tenants, or by a third- party cloud services provider and may be either on-site or off-site.
Community Cloud Examples and Use Cases
Cloud providers have developed Community Cloud offerings, and a few organizations are already seeing the advantages . the subsequent list shows a number of the most scenarios of the Community Cloud model that's beneficial to the participating organizations.
* Multiple governmental departments that perform transactions with each other can have their processing systems on shared infrastructure. This setup makes it cost-effective to the tenants, and may also reduce their data traffic.
Benefits of Community Clouds
Community Cloud provides benefits to organizations within the community, individually also as collectively.
Organizations don't need to worry about the safety concerns linked with Public Cloud due to the closed user group.
This recent cloud computing model has great potential for businesses seeking cost-effective cloud services to collaborate on joint projects, because it comes with multiple advantages.
Openness and Impartiality
Community Clouds are open systems, and that they remove the dependency organizations wear cloud service providers. Organizations are able to do many benefits while avoiding the disadvantages of both public and personal clouds.
Flexibility and Scalability
* Ensures compatibility among each of its users, allowing them to switch properties consistent with their individual use cases. They also enable companies to interact with their remote employees and support the utilization of various devices, be it a smartphone or a tablet. This makes this sort of cloud solution more flexible to users' demands.
* Consists of a community of users and, as such, is scalable in several aspects like hardware resources, services, and manpower. It takes under consideration demand growth, and you simply need to increase the user-base.
High Availability and Reliability
Your cloud service must be ready to make sure the availability of knowledge and applications in the least times. Community Clouds secure your data within the same way as the other cloud service, by replicating data and applications in multiple secure locations to guard them from unforeseen circumstances.
Cloud possesses redundant infrastructure to form sure data is out there whenever and wherever you would like it. High availability and reliability are critical concerns for any sort of cloud solution.
Security and Compliance
Two significant concerns discussed when organizations believe cloud computing are data security and compliance with relevant regulatory authorities. Compromising each other's data security isn't profitable to anyone during a Community Cloud.
Users can configure various levels of security for his or her data. Common use cases:
* the power to dam users from editing and downloading specific datasets.
* Making sensitive data subject to strict regulations on who has access to Sharing sensitive data unique to a specific organization would bring harm to all or any the members involved.
* What devices can store sensitive data.
Convenience and Control
Conflicts associated with convenience and control don't arise during a Community Cloud. Democracy may be a crucial factor the Community Cloud offers as all tenants share and own the infrastructure and make decisions collaboratively. This setup allows organizations to possess their data closer to them while avoiding the complexities of a personal Cloud.
Less Work for the IT Department
Having data, applications, and systems within the cloud means you are doing not need to manage them entirely. This convenience eliminates the necessity for tenants to use extra human resources to manage the system. Even during a self-managed solution, the work is split among the participating organizations.
Environment Sustainability
In the Community Cloud, organizations use one platform for all their needs, which dissuades them from investing in separate cloud facilities. This shift introduces a symbiotic relationship between broadening and shrinking the utilization of cloud among clients. With the reduction of organizations using different clouds, resources are used more efficiently, thus resulting in a smaller carbon footprint.
問題 #469
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