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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network and Web Forensics | 10% | - Web server and application logs - Email and messaging forensics - Network logs and traffic analysis - Investigating web attacks |
| Malware and Incident Response Forensics | 10% | - Reporting and documentation - Static and dynamic malware analysis - Forensics in incident response - Malware artifacts and indicators |
| Computer Forensics Fundamentals | 15% | - Forensic readiness planning - Roles and responsibilities of forensic investigators - Types of digital evidence - Legal and ethical frameworks - Concepts and principles of digital forensics |
| File Systems and Storage Media Analysis | 15% | - Metadata analysis - FAT, NTFS, EXT file systems - Disk structures and partitions - Recovering deleted and hidden data |
| Dark Web and Anti-Forensics | 10% | - Anti-forensics techniques - Detecting and countering anti-forensics - Tor browser and artifact analysis - Dark web concepts and tools |
| Digital Evidence Acquisition and Preservation | 15% | - Forensic imaging and verification - Evidence integrity and hashing - Storage and transport of evidence - Data acquisition methods and tools |
| Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 15% | - Chain of custody and evidence handling - Pre-investigation phase - Investigation phase - Post-investigation and reporting |
| Operating System Forensics | 10% | - Linux forensics - System artifacts and logs - Mac OS forensics - Windows forensics |
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NEW QUESTION # 75
Sandra, a hacker, targeted Johana, a software professional, to steal her banking details. She started sending frequent, random pop-up messages with malicious links to her social media page. Johana accidentally clicked on a link, causing a malicious program to get installed in her system. Subsequently, when Johana attempted to access her banking website, the URL redirected her to a malicious website controlled by Sandra. Johana entered her banking credentials on the fake website, which Sandra then captured.
Identify the type of attack performed by Sandra on Johana.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The scenario describes a victim beingredirected from a legitimate banking URL to a fraudulent websitewithout intending to visit it, after malware is installed on the system. This behavior is characteristic ofpharming, an attack in which an adversarycauses redirectionto a malicious destination even when the user types the correct address or clicks a legitimate bookmark. In digital forensics references, pharming is commonly achieved by manipulatingname resolution or routing mechanisms, such as altering the localhosts file, changingDNS server settings, poisoning DNS responses, modifying browser proxy settings, or installing malware that intercepts and rewrites web requests. The key forensic indicator is that the victim's request for the real domain is transparently diverted to attacker-controlled infrastructure, where credentials are harvested through a convincing spoofed login page.
The other options do not match the redirection-and-fake-site mechanism.Tailgatingis physical access abuse (following someone into a secure area).Dumpster divinginvolves retrieving sensitive information from discarded materials.Shoulder surfingis observing credentials by watching the victim type. Because the essential action here ismalicious redirection to a fake site to steal credentials, the correct answer isPharming (A).
NEW QUESTION # 76
Below are the various steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Keep an incident response team ready to review the incident and preserve the evidence.
Create a process for documenting the procedure.
Identify the potential evidence required for an incident.
Determine the sources of evidence.
Establish a legal advisory board to guide the investigation process.
Identify if the incident requires full or formal investigation.
Establish a policy for securely handling and storing the collected evidence.
Define a policy that determines the pathway to legally extract electronic evidence with minimal disruption.
Identify the correct sequence of steps involved in forensic readiness planning.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Forensic readiness planning focuses on ensuring an organization canlegally, efficiently, and reliablycollect usable digital evidence before an incident occurs. The planning sequence typically begins by definingwhat evidence would be neededto support likely incidents (3) and then mappingwhere that evidence residesacross systems, services, logs, endpoints, and network components (4). Once evidence needs and sources are known, readiness requires alegally compliant extraction pathwaythat minimizes business disruption and prevents evidence contamination (8). After defining extraction, an organization must formalizesecure handling and storage policies(chain of custody, access control, retention, integrity protection) so collected evidence remains admissible and trustworthy (7).
With those foundations in place, the organization can define decision criteria forwhen an event becomes a formal investigationand triggers deeper forensic procedures (6). A structureddocumentation processis then set so actions taken during acquisition and analysis are repeatable and defensible (2). Governance is reinforced by establishinglegal oversight/advisory supportto ensure compliance with jurisdictional requirements and internal policy (5). Finally, the plan is operationalized by ensuring anincident response team is preparedto preserve evidence promptly when incidents occur (1). Hence,3#4#8#7#6#2#5#1is the correct sequence.
NEW QUESTION # 77
A forensic investigator is collecting volatile data such as system information and network information present in the registries, cache, DLLs, and RAM of digital devices through its normal interface.
Identify the data acquisition method the investigator is performing.
Answer: B
Explanation:
The scenario describes the investigator collectingvolatileartifacts-specifically information inRAM, activeDLLs, system and network state, and transient data held incacheand similar runtime locations-through the device's normal interface while the system is running. In digital forensics documentation, this is the defining characteristic oflive acquisition(also called live response). Live acquisition is performed when the system remains powered on so that investigators can capture evidence that would be lost on shutdown, such as running processes, open network connections, logged-on sessions, loaded modules/DLLs, encryption keys, and portions of registry data that exist in memory or are actively changing.
By contrast,static acquisitionanddead acquisitionare conducted when the system is powered off (or the evidence drive is imaged outside the running OS), focusing primarily on persistent storage such as disk sectors and file system structures.Non-volatile data acquisitionrefers to collecting persistent data stored on media (e.g., files on disk), which does not match the emphasis on RAM and other volatile components in the question. Because the investigator is explicitly collecting volatile data from a running system via its normal interface, the correct method isLive acquisition (B).
NEW QUESTION # 78
Which of the following file systems of Windows replaces the first letter of a deleted file name with the hex byte code "e5h"?
Answer: D
Explanation:
InFAT (File Allocation Table)file systems (FAT12/16/32), directory entries are fixed-size records that include an8.3 filename field. When a file is deleted, FAT typically does not immediately erase the file's content; instead, it marks the directory entry as deleted by replacing thefirst character of the filenamewith the special marker byte0xE5(often written asE5h). This is a key forensic behavior because it means the file's metadata entry may still be present in the directory table, and the data clusters may remain recoverable until they are reused and overwritten. Examiners can often reconstruct the original filename's first character only through context or by correlating other artifacts, but the remainder of the directory entry (timestamps, size, starting cluster) can still assist recovery.
The other options do not match this mechanism.NTFSuses Master File Table records and marks deletions differently (file record flags and index changes), not by overwriting the first filename byte with E5h.EFSis an encryption feature layered on NTFS, not a distinct file system deletion marker.FHSis a UNIX/Linux directory layout standard, unrelated to Windows disk structures. Therefore, the correct answer isFAT (A).
NEW QUESTION # 79
Sarah, a forensic investigator, is working on a criminal case. She was provided with all the suspect devices.
Sarah employs an imaging software tool for duplicating the original data from the suspect devices. However, the tool she employed failed to image the data as the suspect version of the drive was very old and incompatible with imaging software. Hence, Sarah used an alternative data acquisition technique and succeeded in imaging the data.
Which of the following types of data acquisition techniques did Sarah employ in the above scenario?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The key detail is that Sarah'simaging softwarecould not acquire the device because the drive wasvery old and incompatiblewith the software-based approach. In such situations, forensic practice recommends switching to an acquisition method that isless dependent on the operating system or specific imaging application compatibility, while still producing a forensic-accurate duplicate.Bit-stream disk-to-diskacquisition (also called forensic cloning) creates asector-by-sectorcopy of the entire source drive directly onto another physical drive. This method is commonly performed using dedicated duplicators or hardware-assisted workflows that can interface with legacy media more reliably than certain disk-to-image software utilities.
Sparse acquisition would intentionally capture only selected portions of a disk (used to reduce time/storage), which does not fit the goal of "succeeded in imaging the data" after a failure due to incompatibility. Logical acquisition captures only active files/folders through the file system and is not the preferred alternative when full forensic imaging is required, especially in criminal cases. Bit-stream disk-to-image-file is still software
/container dependent and is essentially what failed initially. Therefore, the most appropriate alternative that explains success with an older incompatible drive isBit-stream disk-to-disk (D).
NEW QUESTION # 80
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