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NEW QUESTION # 290
All interfaces of the router have OSPF enabled, the Cost value of the link is identified in the figure, and the Loopback0 socket for R2 is advertised in area 1 , then Rl reaches 10022/32 with a Cost value of ?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 291
Exhibit:
The following figure shows the inter-AS MPLS VPN Option C (solution 2). RRs are deployed, and no traffic passes through the RRs during forwarding. If a data packet sent from PE2 to 192.168.1.1 carries two labels, which of the following statements about the two labels are correct?
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
Understanding Inter-AS MPLS VPN Option C (Solution 2)
In MPLS L3VPN Inter-AS Option C, the Route Reflectors (RRs) are used for VPN route distribution but do not participate in data forwarding. The traffic forwarding path is based on MPLS labels assigned at different routers.
Each data packet carries two MPLS labels:
* Transport Label (T1) - Used for forwarding within the backbone.
* VPN Label (V1) - Used for VPN route identification.
Breaking Down the Labels:
# VPN Label (V1) - Allocated by PE1
* V1 (Inner Label) is the VPN label assigned by the egress PE router (PE1).
* This label ensures that when the packet reaches PE1, it knows how to forward the traffic to CE1 (192.168.1.1).
# Transport Label (T1) - Allocated by P2
* T1 (Outer Label) is the transport label assigned by P2 to forward the packet across the AS core.
* This label ensures the packet reaches the next-hop router (ASBR-PE1 in AS100).
Why Are the Other Options Incorrect?
# A. "T1 is allocated by RR2" (Incorrect)
* RR2 is used only for route reflection; it does not participate in label allocation or forwarding.
# D. "V1 is allocated by P2" (Incorrect)
* P2 is an intermediate router and does not allocate VPN labels.
* VPN labels are always assigned by the egress PE router (PE1 in AS100).
# Reference: Huawei HCIE Datacom - MPLS L3VPN Inter-AS Option C
NEW QUESTION # 292
Which of the following statements does not cause the flapping of a VRRP group?
Answer: C
Explanation:
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) and Flapping
VRRP ensures gateway redundancy by allowing multiple routers to work together as a virtual router. Flapping occurs when the master and backup routers frequently switch roles.
Causes of VRRP Flapping:
โ
A. Too small interval between Advertisement packet transmissions - Can cause flapping If the Advertisement interval is too short, frequent VRRP state changes can occur.
โ
C. Packet loss on an interface of the backup device - Can cause flapping If the backup router loses VRRP packets, it might assume the master is down and initiate an election.
โ
D. Flapping on the link transmitting VRRP Advertisement packets - Can cause flapping If the link used for VRRP experiences instability, packets may be lost, triggering VRRP role changes.
Incorrect Answer
โ B. Inconsistent preemption delay settings - Does NOT cause VRRP flapping Preemption delay only affects when a router takes over as master after recovering from a failure.
It does not directly cause flapping because the role change happens only after a delay, preventing frequent transitions.
Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:
Huawei VRRP Configuration Guide - Preventing VRRP Flapping
HCIE-Datacom Study Material - VRRP Timers and Stability
NEW QUESTION # 293
In the following figure, aGRE tunnelis established betweenR1andR2. If the command ping -a 10.1.1.1
10.3.1.1 is run onR1, which of the following statements is correct about theICMP packetsent byGE0/0/1ofR1
?
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
1. GRE Tunnel Configuration Details:
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation)is used to encapsulate packets for transmission between two endpoints.
The tunnel is created betweenR1andR2:
R1 Tunnel IP:10.1.1.1
R2 Tunnel IP:10.3.1.1
Source IP of Tunnel:10.0.12.1 (R1)
Destination IP of Tunnel:10.0.12.2 (R2)
The command used: ping -a 10.1.1.1 10.3.1.1
Source IP (Inner IP):10.1.1.1
Destination IP (Inner IP):10.3.1.1
2. GRE Encapsulation Process:
When thepingcommand is executed from R1 to R2 through the GRE tunnel:
Theoriginal ICMP packetwill have:
Source IP:10.1.1.1
Destination IP:10.3.1.1
This ICMP packet (inner packet) will be encapsulated using GRE.
GRE Encapsulation:
Outer IP Header:
Source IP:10.0.12.1 (R1 GE0/0/1 interface)
Destination IP:10.0.12.2 (R2 GE0/0/1 interface)
Inner IP Header:
Source IP:10.1.1.1 (Tunnel0/0/0 on R1)
Destination IP:10.3.1.1 (Tunnel0/0/0 on R2)
Theouter IP headeris used fortunnel routingbetween thephysical interfaces(GE0/0/1).
Theinner IP headerrepresents thelogical tunnel IPsused for communication between R1 and R2.
3. Correct Answer Analysis:
Option A:
Correct.
Theouter IP headeraddresses are10.0.12.1and10.0.12.2, representing thephysical interfaces (GE0/0/1)used to establish the tunnel.
Option C:
Correct.
Theinner IP headeraddresses are10.1.1.1and10.3.1.1, representing thelogical tunnel interfacesused for communication.
4. Why Other Options Are Incorrect:
Option B:
Incorrect.
Thedestination IP in the outer headershould be thepeer physical IP (10.0.12.2), not the tunnel IP (10.3.1.1).
Option D:
Incorrect.
Theinner IP destinationis thetunnel IP (10.3.1.1), not thephysical IP (10.0.12.2).
NEW QUESTION # 294
How do.8021w and 8021D handle BPDUs?( Single choice questions).
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 295
......
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