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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Software development lifecycle - Testing and debugging fundamentals - Programming paradigms - Basic syntax and control structures |
| Topic 2: Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Proof techniques and mathematical induction - Boolean algebra and digital logic - Set theory, relations, functions - Propositional and predicate logic |
| Topic 3: Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Sorting and searching algorithms - Big O notation, time and space complexity - Recursion and iterative structures - Algorithm design and analysis |
| Topic 4: Data Structures | 20% | - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues - Primitive and composite data types - Data storage and retrieval principles - Trees, graphs, hash tables |
| Topic 5: Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Von Neumann architecture - Memory hierarchy and performance - Instruction sets and execution cycles - CPU, memory, I/O systems |
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NEW QUESTION # 25
Which line of code below contains an error in the use of NumPy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The NumPy library provides arrays and efficient numerical operations, including sorting. However, NumPy doesnotprovide a function named np.quicksort. That is the API misuse in the code, making option A the correct answer. In NumPy, sorting is commonly performed using np.sort(arr) (which returns a sorted copy) or arr.sort() (which sorts in-place). If a specific algorithm is desired, NumPy exposes it through the kind parameter, such as np.sort(arr, kind="quicksort"), kind="mergesort", or kind="heapsort". Textbooks present this as a typical design: a single sorting interface with selectable strategies, rather than separate top-level functions per algorithm name.
Option C is correct and necessary: import numpy as np is standard convention. Option B is also correct:
printing a variable is valid assuming it exists. Option D, written as arr = np.array([3, 2, 0, 1]), is valid NumPy usage for constructing a 1D array from a Python list.
A subtle point taught in scientific computing courses is that library APIs matter as much as syntax: you can write perfectly valid Python that still fails if you call a function that the library does not define. In this case, the fix is to replace np.quicksort(arr) with np.sort(arr) or np.sort(arr, kind="quicksort") depending on whether you need to specify the algorithm.
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which aspect of a security policy would define the ramifications of abusing company resources?
Answer: B
Explanation:
AnAcceptable Use Policy (AUP)defines how employees and users are permitted to use an organization's computing resources-such as email, internet access, file storage, endpoints, and networks-and it typically specifies prohibited behaviors and the consequences of violations. In security and IT governance textbooks, the AUP is framed as both a behavioral contract and a risk-management tool: it reduces misuse, clarifies expectations, and provides an enforceable basis for disciplinary action.
The "ramifications of abusing company resources" (for example, installing unauthorized software, excessive personal use, accessing inappropriate content, attempting to bypass security controls, or sharing credentials) are precisely the kinds of issues an AUP addresses. The policy often includes monitoring statements (users have limited expectation of privacy), compliance requirements, and escalation paths for violations.
A Network Security Policy (A) focuses on technical rules for network protection-firewalls, segmentation, remote access, and intrusion detection-rather than broad user conduct and disciplinary consequences. A Physical Security Policy (B) addresses protection of facilities and hardware-badges, locks, visitor procedures, secure areas. A Data Retention Policy (D) defines how long data is stored, how it is archived, and how it is disposed, which is different from defining misuse consequences.
Thus, the policy aspect that defines permissible behavior and the consequences for abusing resources is the Acceptable Use Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 27
What is the expected output of calling .shape on a NumPy 2D array?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In NumPy, every ndarray has a shape attribute that describes the size of the array along each dimension. For a
2D array, shape returns a tuple with two integers: (number_of_rows, number_of_columns). For example, if a
= np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]), then a.shape is (2, 3), meaning 2 rows and 3 columns. This is a fundamental idea in matrix and array computing, because shape governs how indexing, slicing, broadcasting, and linear algebra operations behave.
Option A describes the dtype, which can be accessed with a.dtype, not a.shape. Option C is incorrect because shape provides per-dimension sizes, not their sum. Option D refers to the total number of elements, which NumPy provides via a.size (or equivalently np.prod(a.shape)).
Textbooks emphasize shape because many errors in numerical computing come from mismatched dimensions. For example, matrix multiplication requires compatible inner dimensions, and broadcasting rules depend on dimension sizes. By checking .shape, programmers can verify their data layout before applying algorithms, ensuring rows represent observations and columns represent features (or vice versa). Thus, for a 2D NumPy array, .shape indicates the number of rows and columns.
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which type of sorting algorithm starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Selection sort is the algorithm that repeatedly scans the unsorted portion of a list to find the lowest (or highest) value and then places it into its correct position in the sorted portion. It begins at the first index (position 0) and treats that as the boundary between sorted and unsorted regions. On the first pass, it moves a scanning pointer through the entire list to determine the minimum element and swaps it into position 0. On the second pass, it starts from position 1, scans to the end to find the next minimum, and swaps it into position 1.
This continues until the list is sorted.
This matches the question's description: "starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value." Textbooks often describe selection sort with two indices: one for the current boundary position and one for scanning the remainder of the list to find the minimum. The algorithm is simple and uses O(1) extra space, but it is inefficient for large lists because it performs O(n²) comparisons regardless of input order.
The other options are not standard algorithm names in typical computer science curricula. While many sorting algorithms exist (insertion sort, merge sort, quicksort, heap sort), "incremental," "progressive," and "pointer sort" are not canonical textbook algorithms in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is selection sort.
NEW QUESTION # 29
What type of encryption is provided by encryption utilities built into the file system?
Answer: C
Explanation:
File system encryption utilities are designed to protect datastored on a disk-for example, files on an SSD, HDD, or other persistent storage. This protection is calledencryption at rest. The key idea is that if an attacker steals the physical drive, gains access to a powered-off machine, or otherwise reads storage directly, the raw bytes on disk remain unreadable without the correct cryptographic key. Common textbook examples include full-disk encryption and per-file encryption supported by operating systems and file systems.
This differs fromencryption in motion(also called encryption in transit), which protects data while it is being transmitted over networks, such as via TLS/HTTPS, VPNs, or secure messaging protocols. File system utilities do not primarily address network transmission; they address stored data confidentiality. Option B,
"encryption authentication," is not a standard category; authentication is a security goal often achieved using mechanisms like digital signatures, MACs, certificates, and protocol handshakes, not a type of file system encryption. Option D, steganography, is the practice of hiding information within other data (like images or audio) rather than encrypting it for confidentiality.
In short, file system encryption utilities aim to ensure that stored files remain confidential if storage is accessed without authorization, which is precisely the definition of encryption at rest.
NEW QUESTION # 30
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