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CWNP CWNA-109 Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Topic 1: IEEE 802.11 Network Operations15%- Troubleshooting
  • 1. Spectrum analysis
  • 2. Protocol analysis
  • 3. Common connectivity issues
- Performance Optimization
  • 1. Roaming (802.11r/k/v)
  • 2. QoS (WMM)
  • 3. Channel management
Topic 2: Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies15%- Antenna Concepts
  • 1. Antenna gain and patterns
  • 2. Antenna types and usage
  • 3. Polarization
- RF Mathematics
  • 1. Inverse Square Law
  • 2. Link budget calculations
  • 3. dB, dBi, dBd, dBm
- RF Fundamentals
  • 1. Signal strength and loss (attenuation)
  • 2. RF behaviors: absorption, reflection, refraction, diffraction, scattering
  • 3. Wavelength, frequency, and amplitude
Topic 3: IEEE 802.11 Protocols and Devices20%- WLAN Architecture
  • 1. Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
  • 2. Basic Service Set (BSS)
  • 3. Stations (STA), Access Points (AP)
  • 4. Extended Service Set (ESS)
  • 5. Distribution System (DS)
- 802.11 Frame Types
  • 1. Management, Control, and Data frames
  • 2. Frame exchange processes
- CSMA/CA
  • 1. RTS/CTS
  • 2. DCF and EDCA
Topic 4: IEEE 802.11 Regulations and Standards15%- Regulatory Bodies and Domains
  • 1. Frequency bands and channels
  • 2. FCC, ETSI, IC, and others
- IEEE 802.11 Standards
  • 1. 802.11-2020 and amendments (a/b/g/n/ac/ax)
  • 2. Channel bonding and widths
  • 3. 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7) overview
Topic 5: IEEE 802.11 Network Security15%- Security Basics
  • 1. Legacy security (WEP, WPA)
  • 2. Authentication and Association
  • 3. WPA2 and WPA3
- Encryption and Authentication
  • 1. CCMP, GCMP
  • 2. 802.1X/EAP
  • 3. OWE and SAE
Topic 6: IEEE 802.11 Network Implementation20%- Deployment Models
  • 1. Cloud-based and Controller-based
  • 2. Autonomous APs
  • 3. Distributed and Centralized architectures
- Site Survey and Design
  • 1. Predictive and Passive site surveys
  • 2. Active site surveys
  • 3. AP placement and density
- Power over Ethernet (PoE)
  • 1. 802.3af, 802.3at, 802.3bt

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CWNP Wireless Network Administrator (CWNA) Sample Questions (Q44-Q49):

NEW QUESTION # 44
The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz (2412 MHz). What is the center frequency of channel 4?

Answer: C

Explanation:
The center frequency of channel 4 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.427 GHz (2427 MHz). The center frequency of a channel is the midpoint of its frequency range, where the signal strength is highest and most concentrated. The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz (2412 MHz), as given in the question. The center frequency of each subsequent channel is obtained by adding 5 MHz to the previous channel's center frequency, since the channels are spaced 5 MHz apart from each other in this band. Therefore, to find the center frequency of channel 4, we need to add 15 MHz (5 MHz x 3) to the center frequency of channel 1:
2.412 GHz + 0.015 GHz = 2.427 GHz
Alternatively, we can use a formula to calculate the center frequency of any channel in the 2.4 GHz band:
Center frequency (GHz) = 2.407 + (0.005 x Channel number)
Using this formula for channel 4, we get:
Center frequency (GHz) = 2.407 + (0.005 x 4)
Center frequency (GHz) = 2.407 + 0.02
Center frequency (GHz) = 2.427 References: 1, Chapter 3, page 85; 2, Section 3.2


NEW QUESTION # 45
A client complains of low data rates on his computer. When you evaluate the situation, you see that the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11 ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. What is the likely cause of the low data rate issue?

Answer: A

Explanation:
Weak signal strength is the likely cause of the low data rate issue for the client that has a signal strength of
-84 dBm and a noise floor of -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. Signal strength is the measure of how strong the RF signal is at the receiver. Signal strength can affect the reliability and performance of the wireless connection, as well as the data rate and throughput of the traffic. The higher the signal strength, the better the signal quality and the higher the data rate. The lower the signal strength, the worse the signal quality and the lower the data rate.
The data rate of an 802.11ac connection depends on several factors, such as channel bandwidth, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), spatial streams, guard interval, and beamforming. However, these factors are also influenced by the signal strength, as they require a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to operate properly.
SNR is the ratio of the signal strength to the noise floor, which is the measure of the background noise or interference in the RF environment. The higher the SNR, the more robust and efficient the communication.
The lower the SNR, the more prone and vulnerable to errors and retries.
According to the CWNA Official Study Guide , Table 3.7, page 112, an 802.11ac connection with a channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, an MCS of 9, two spatial streams, a short guard interval, and no beamforming can achieve a maximum data rate of 867 Mbps. However, this data rate requires a minimum SNR of 30 dB to maintain a sufficient signal quality. If the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm, then the SNR is only 12 dB (-84 dBm - (-96 dBm) = 12 dB), which is far below the required SNR for this data rate.
Therefore, the data rate will drop significantly to match the lower SNR and signal quality.
To solve this problem, the signal strength should be increased to improve the SNR and data rate. This can be done by adjusting the output power or channel assignment of the AP or client, relocating or reorienting some APs or antennas to reduce attenuation or interference, updating or replacing some faulty or outdated hardware or software components, etc. References: , Chapter 3, page 112; , Section 3.2


NEW QUESTION # 46
What best describes WPA2 in relation to 802.11 wireless networks?

Answer: D

Explanation:
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a security certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. It is important to understand the following:
WPA2 and the 802.11 Standard: While WPA2 is based on elements of the 802.11i amendment to the 802.11 standard, it is not itself a standard but rather a certification to ensure devices comply with certain security criteria, including the correct implementation of CCMP (Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). CCMP/AES Implementation: WPA2 enhances the security of wireless networks by using CCMP for encryption, which is based on AES, a robust encryption algorithm. This represents a significant security improvement over WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) that used TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol).
WPA vs. WPA2: WPA was the interim security enhancement over WEP, utilizing TKIP for encryption. WPA2, however, moved to the more secure AES-based encryption method. Contrary to option C, WPA2 does not enhance security by using TKIP; it uses CCMP/AES. Therefore, option B correctly describes WPA2 as a certification program ensuring devices properly implement the more secure CCMP/AES encryption methods.


NEW QUESTION # 47
A client complains of low data rates on his computer. When you evaluate the situation, you see that the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an
802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. What is the likely cause of the low data rate issue?

Answer: A

Explanation:
Weak signal strength is the likely cause of the low data rate issue for the client that has a signal strength of -84 dBm and a noise floor of -96 dBm. The client is an 802.11ac client and connects to an 802.11ac AP. Both the client and AP are 2x2:2 devices. Signal strength is the measure of how strong the RF signal is at the receiver.
Signal strength can affect the reliability and performance of the wireless connection, as well as the data rate and throughput of the traffic. The higher the signal strength, the better the signal quality and the higher the data rate. The lower the signal strength, the worse the signal quality and the lower the data rate.
The data rate of an 802.11ac connection depends on several factors, such as channel bandwidth, modulation and coding scheme (MCS), spatial streams, guard interval, and beamforming. However, these factors are also influenced by the signal strength, as they require a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to operate properly.
SNR is the ratio of the signal strength to the noise floor, which is the measure of the background noise or interference in the RF environment. The higher the SNR, the more robust and efficient the communication.
The lower the SNR, the more prone and vulnerable to errors and retries.
According to the CWNA Official Study Guide , Table 3.7, page 112, an 802.11ac connection with a channel bandwidth of 80 MHz, an MCS of 9, two spatial streams, a short guard interval, and no beamforming can achieve a maximum data rate of 867 Mbps. However, this data rate requires a minimum SNR of 30 dB to maintain a sufficient signal quality. If the signal strength is -84 dBm and the noise floor is -96 dBm, then the SNR is only 12 dB (-84 dBm - (-96 dBm) = 12 dB), which is far below the required SNR for this data rate.
Therefore, the data rate will drop significantly to match the lower SNR and signal quality.
To solve this problem, the signal strength should be increased to improve the SNR and data rate. This can be done by adjusting the output power or channel assignment of the AP or client, relocating or reorienting some APs or antennas to reduce attenuation or interference, updating or replacing some faulty oroutdated hardware or software components, etc. References: , Chapter 3, page 112; , Section 3.2


NEW QUESTION # 48
What can an impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors cause?

Answer: D

Explanation:
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, which is a measure of how well the impedance of the RF cable and connectors matches the impedance of the transmitter and the antenna. Impedance is the opposition to the flow of alternating current in an RF circuit, and it depends on the frequency, resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the components. A perfect impedance match would have a VSWR of 1:1, meaning that all the power is transferred from the transmitter to the antenna, and none is reflected back. However, in reality, there is always some degree of mismatch, which causes some power to be reflected back to the transmitter, creating standing waves along the cable. This reduces the efficiency and performance of the wireless system, and can also damage the transmitter. Excessive VSWR can be caused by using poor quality or damaged cables and connectors, or by using components that have different impedance ratings123. References: CWNA-
109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 90; CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2:
Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 86; CWNP website, CWNA Certification.


NEW QUESTION # 49
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