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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Use ConfigMaps and Secrets to configure applications - Understand how to run multiple schedulers and configure scheduler policies - Understand Deployments and rolling update/rollback - Understand Static Pods - Understand DaemonSets - Understand resource limits and requests - Understand how scheduler works - Use label selectors to schedule Pods |
| Topic 2: Troubleshooting | 30% | - Evaluate cluster and node logging - Manage container stdout & stderr logs - Understand how to monitor applications - Troubleshoot application failure - Troubleshoot networking - Troubleshoot cluster component failure |
| Topic 3: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Understand CRDs, install and configure operators - Manage the lifecycle of Kubernetes clusters - Create and manage Kubernetes clusters using kubeadm - Use Helm and Kustomize to install cluster components - Manage role based access control (RBAC) - Implement and configure a highly-available control plane - Prepare underlying infrastructure for installing a Kubernetes cluster - Understand extension interfaces (CNI, CSI, CRI, etc.) |
| Topic 4: Storage | 10% | - Understand how to configure applications with persistent storage - Understand Storage Classes and Persistent Volumes - Understand persistent volume claims primitive - Understand volume mode, access modes and reclaim policies |
| Topic 5: Services & Networking | 20% | - Understand connectivity between Pods - Define and enforce Network Policies - Use ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer service types and endpoints - Use the Gateway API to manage Ingress traffic - Know how to use Ingress controllers and Ingress resources - Understand and use CoreDNS |
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NEW QUESTION # 43
Create a NetworkPolicy which denies all ingress traffic
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 44
You have a Deployment named 'web-app' with 3 replicas running a Flask application. You need to implement a rolling update strategy that ensures only one pod is unavailable at any time. Additionally, you need to implement a strategy to handle the update process when the pod's resource requests exceed the available resources.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Update the Deployment YAML:
- Update the 'replicas' to 2.
- Define 'maxUnavailable: 1' and 'maxSurge: 0' in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section to control the rolling update process.
- Configure a 'strategy.type" to 'RollingUpdate" to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec.template.spec.resources' section to define resource requests for the pod.
- Set 'spec.template.spec.restartPolicy' to 'OnFailure' for the pod to restart when it fails.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f web-app.yaml' 3. Verify the Deployment: - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments web-app' to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Update the 'web-app' image in the Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment: - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=web-app' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that one pod is terminated at a time, while one new pod with the updated image is created. 6. Handle Resource Exceedance: - If the pod's resource requests exceed the available resources, the pod will be evicted and restarted. The 'restartPolicy' ensures that the pod restarts automatically upon failure. 7. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment web-app' to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
NEW QUESTION # 45
You have a Deployment named 'worker-deployment' that runs a set of worker Pods. You need to configure a PodDisruptionBudget (PDB) for this deployment, ensuring that at least 60% of the worker Pods are always available, even during planned or unplanned disruptions. How can you achieve this?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. PDB YAML Definition:
2. Explanation: - 'apiVersion: policy/vl ' : Specifies the API version for PodDisruptionBudget resources. - 'kind: PodDisruptionBudget': Specifies that this is a PodDisruptionBudget resource. - 'metadata.name: worker-pdb": Sets the name of the PDB. - 'spec.selector.matchLabels: app: worker': This selector targets the Pods labeled with 'app: worker' , ensuring the PDB applies to the 'worker-deployment' Pods. - 'spec.minAvailable: 60%': Specifies that at least 60% of the total worker Pods must remain available during disruptions. This means that if your deployment has 5 replicas, at least 3 Pods must remain running. 3. How it works: - The 'minAvailable' field in the PDB can be specified as a percentage of the total number of Pods in the deployment or as an absolute number of Pods. In this case, we are using a percentage ('600/0') to ensure a flexible approach to maintaining availability, even if the number of replicas changes. 4. Implementation: - Apply the YAML using 'kubectl apply -f worker-pdb.yaml' 5. Verification: You can verify the PDB's effectiveness by trying to delete Pods or simulating a node failure. The scheduler will prevent actions that would violate the 'minAvailable' constraint, ensuring that at least 60% of the worker Pods remain available.
NEW QUESTION # 46
How would you configure a PersistentVolumeClaim with a storage class for a specific type of storage, such as SSD or NVMe, and how would you specify the storage capacity?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Storage Class:
- Define a storage class that specifies the desired storage type (SSD or NVMe) and any other relevant parameters.
2. Define the PersistentVolumeClaim: - Create a PersistentVolumeClaim with the storage class you defined in the previous step. Specify the desired storage capacity using the 'resources.requests.storage' field.
3. Apply the Changes: - Apply the storage class and PersistentVolumeClaim using 'kubectl apply -f fast-storage.yaml' and 'kubectl apply -f my-pvc.yaml' - The storage class 'fast-storage' in this example specifies the use of AWS EBS volumes with the 'gp2' volume type (SSD) and encryption enabled. - The PersistentVolumeClaim is configured to use the 'fast-storage' class and requests IOGi of storage. This configuration ensures that the PVC provisioned for the pod uses the specified storage class (SSD in this case) and the requested storage capacity.
NEW QUESTION # 47
You have a Kubernetes cluster with two worker nodes and a single Nginx service deployed. You want to expose this service externally using a LoadBalancer service type but only want traffic to be directed to pods on a specific worker node. How would you achieve this?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Node Selector:
- Create a Node Selector label on the worker node where you want to host the Nginx pods.
- Example:
- Apply this configuration using 'kubectl apply -f node-config.yaml'. 2. Configure the Deployment: - Update the Nginx deployment to include the Node Selector label in its pod template. - Example:
- Apply the updated deployment configuration using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yamr. 3. Create a LoadBalancer Service: - Create a LoadBalancer type service that selects the Nginx pods with the 'app=nginx' label. - Example:
- Apply the service configuration using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-service.yamP. 4. Verify the Deployment: - Confirm the deployment of the Nginx pods on the specified worker node using 'kubectl get pods -l app=nginx -o wide'. - Check the LoadBalancer service's external IP address using 'kubectl get services nginx-service'. - Access the Nginx service using the external IP address. All traffic should be routed to the pods on the worker node with the 'worker-type: nginx' label. ---
NEW QUESTION # 48
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