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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
In which use case can the Cilium Service Mesh exclusively utilize eBPF without requiring a proxy such as Envoy?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium can implement Layer 3 and Layer 4 forwarding exclusively through its eBPF datapath. IP, TCP, and UDP traffic can be routed, load-balanced, filtered, and redirected through eBPF programs attached to Linux networking hooks. These operations depend on network-layer addresses, protocols, ports, identities, and connection state; they do not require application-protocol parsing by a userspace proxy.
Application-layer operations are different. Cilium's official Service Mesh architecture uses a proxy such as Envoy to parse HTTP, gRPC, and DNS when Layer 7 policy, observability, or traffic management requires understanding individual requests. The eBPF datapath transparently redirects selected traffic to the node-local proxy and retains identity context, while Envoy performs the protocol-aware operation.
Kafka parsing is also an application-layer activity rather than ordinary Layer 3 or Layer 4 forwarding.
Moreover, current Cilium releases removed the former Envoy Go extension mechanism used for Kafka and generic proxylib rules, further reinforcing that it is not an eBPF-only forwarding case.
Therefore, D accurately identifies the scenario in which the Service Mesh datapath can remain entirely in the kernel without requiring Envoy.
Official references
Cilium Service Mesh ; eBPF Datapath Introduction .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Review the Cilium Network Policy in the YAML file.
It was deployed in the ns-cca namespace on cluster1
Cluster Mesh CiliumNetworkPolicy exhibit
Which statement Is correct?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The policy's endpointSelector selects the ship workload in the namespace containing the CiliumNetworkPolicy , which is ns-cca . It also explicitly includes io.cilium.k8s.policy.cluster: cluster1 , confirming that the selected source endpoint belongs to cluster1.
The egress rule authorizes communication to an endpoint carrying name: base and the cluster label io.cilium.
k8s.policy.cluster: cluster2 . Because the namespaced policy does not specify a different destination namespace through k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace , the intended destination is the corresponding base workload in ns-cca on cluster2. Therefore, A matches the policy.
Options C and D incorrectly describe the rule as a deny rule. Cilium policy rules use an allow-list model unless an explicit egressDeny or ingressDeny section is present. The exhibit contains an ordinary egress rule, so matching traffic is authorized. Option B incorrectly places the destination in default .
Current Cilium versions require explicit cluster targeting for remote endpoints, which this policy provides through the cluster label.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Network Policy , Namespaces in Cilium Policy
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh labels, namespaced policies, and cross-cluster endpoint selection.
NEW QUESTION # 61
What does this Egress Gateway policy achieve?
Cilium Egress Gateway policy exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Cilium's official documentation confirms that a CiliumEgressGatewayPolicy selects traffic originating from matching pods , routes traffic destined for the configured destinationCIDRs through the selected egress gateway node, and SNATs that traffic using the configured egressIP.
NEW QUESTION # 62
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Which proxy does Cilium use to enforce HTTP and other Layer 7 (L7) policies specified in network policies for the cluster?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium uses Envoy as its userspace Layer 7 proxy. When a Cilium policy contains HTTP or another supported application-layer rule, Cilium's eBPF datapath identifies matching traffic and redirects it to a node-local Envoy instance. Envoy evaluates the application-layer attributes-such as HTTP method, path, or headers- against the generated policy configuration and then forwards or rejects the request.
The proxy can operate in embedded mode as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod or as the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. Both deployment forms use Cilium's optimized Envoy distribution and custom policy-enforcement filters. Communication between the agent and Envoy uses local UNIX-domain sockets for configuration, access logs, and administrative operations.
HAProxy is a capable general-purpose load balancer, but it is not Cilium's L7 policy proxy. Squid primarily serves forward and caching proxy use cases. linkerd2-proxy belongs to the Linkerd service mesh and is not used by Cilium for network-policy enforcement. Consequently, only D identifies the proxy integrated into Cilium's L7 datapath.
Official references
Cilium Envoy , Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction
Study Guide topic: Envoy proxy integration and Layer 7 policy enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 64
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