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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Test Tools and Test Automation Support | - Tool support for test analysis and execution
|
| Reviews and Defect Management | - Static testing and review process
|
| Testing of Software Quality Characteristics | - Non-functional quality aspects
|
| Testing Process in the Test Analyst Role | - Test planning, monitoring, and control in advanced testing contexts
|
| Testing Techniques for Test Analysis | - Specification-based techniques
|
時には、進める小さなステップは人生の中での大きなステップとするかもしれません。ISQIのCTAL-TA_V4.0試験は小さな試験だけでなく、あなたの職業生涯に重要な影響を及ぼすことができます。これはあなたの能力を認めます。ISQIのCTAL-TA_V4.0試験のほかの認証試験も大切なのです。それに、これらの資料は我々Topexamのウェブサイトで見つけることができます。
質問 # 10
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model.
System testing has finished and the test manager has asked you, the senior TA, to identify any parts of the product that should be focused on during acceptance testing. The results of this may be used to adjust the acceptance test plan.
You are using defect cluster analysis, only counting defects with severity levels 1 to 3, ignoring low severity levels 4 and 5. Function point analysis was used for estimating, so you have used function points as the unit of size for the various functional areas of the product. No numeric estimates of expected defect quantities were made for them individually but, as a result of product risk analysis, these functional areas have been ranked according to the amount of product risk that was predicted in them, with risk ranking 1 being the highest and
5 the lowest; the thoroughness of the testing performed so far has been proportional to that. The results are presented in the table below.
Functional area
Total function points
Product risk ranking
Defects found
Purchase Request entry
2000
2
30
Purchase Request workflow
1500
4
15
Purchase Request authorisation
1000
5
25
Supplier identification
2000
1
30
Purchase Order creation
1000
3
30
Which functional areas would you recommend for more test focus in acceptance testing?
a) Purchase Request entry
b) Purchase Request workflow
c) Purchase Request authorization
d) Supplier Identification
e) Purchase Order creation
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is C because defect cluster analysis must not be based on raw defect counts alone. CTAL- TA v4.0 states that after testing, the Test Analyst can identify actual defect-prone areas and compare predicted versus actual defect clusters; where discrepancies appear, more rigorous testing may be needed in those areas.
Here, size must be normalized using function points. The defect densities are: Purchase Request entry 30
/2000 = 15 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request workflow 15/1500 = 10 defects per 1000 FP , Purchase Request authorization 25/1000 = 25 defects per 1000 FP , Supplier identification 30/2000 = 15 defects per
1000 FP , and Purchase Order creation 30/1000 = 30 defects per 1000 FP .
The strongest actual clusters are therefore Purchase Order creation and Purchase Request authorization .
This is even more significant because authorization had the lowest predicted product risk ranking, 5 , so it should not have produced such a high defect density if the original risk assessment and test focus were accurate. Purchase Order creation also shows the highest defect density despite only medium predicted risk, ranking 3. Supplier identification and Purchase Request entry both have 30 defects, but they are larger areas and have only 15 defects per 1000 function points; Supplier identification was also the highest predicted risk area, so more defects there are less surprising. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Software Defect Prevention , test result analysis and predicted-versus-actual defect cluster analysis.
質問 # 11
Your project is developing an application to generate quotes for motor insurance. The calculation requires a wide range of input data and a reliable model of it has been built in a spreadsheet. There will not be enough time to get adequate functional correctness coverage from the base choice or pairwise techniques, so you have decided to do some random testing based on a probability distribution of variable values that is weighted towards their business criticality.
Which limitation of random testing should you be MOST concerned about?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is A because the major risk in this scenario is that randomly generated input combinations may fail to represent semantically meaningful insurance situations . CTAL-TA v4.0 defines random testing as selecting test data from the input domain according to a specified probability distribution, and explicitly lists its limitations as including "neglecting data semantics" and "potentially missing defects related to data meaning." In a motor insurance quote engine, defects often arise not merely from raw value combinations, but from the business meaning of combinations: driver age, vehicle type, claims history, postcode risk, policy excess, occupation, and coverage options may interact in ways that are legally or commercially significant.
Random testing weighted by business criticality can improve sampling relevance, but it still may not deliberately target these meaningful relationships unless they are explicitly modeled.
Option B is a known limitation, but redundancy is less critical here because the distribution can be controlled and the main concern is business-rule correctness. Option C is weakened because a reliable spreadsheet model already exists and can act as an oracle. Option D is incorrect because the issue is not simply validation versus verification; CTAL-TA notes that random testing distributions can support either purpose depending on how they are chosen. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.1.3 Random Testing , under Test Analysis and Test Design .
質問 # 12
You are working on a project to build a purchasing system. The main requirements for the system are that it shall:
* Allow users to enter details of items that they wish to have purchased and, from these details, create a purchase request.
* Take each purchase request through a workflow that will allow the requestor's line manager to approve the request, reject it or return it for clarification / modification.
* Forward approved requests to the Purchasing Department.
* Allow purchasers to find the best available supplier for each approved request and place the request on that supplier as a purchase order.
The solution is being developed according to the company's traditional V-model methodology. The requirements are clearly documented and include a business process model. Operational profiles have been created to guide performance testing.
Initial item entry will involve a check that each item entered exists on the master stock file and that the user is entitled to request it; this depends on user role and grade. Line manager authorization will be assisted by a recommendation made by the system according to relevant business rules, although the manager can override this recommendation. For approved requests, the workflow will continue to support the process through to placing of the purchase order.
Planning has begun for system testing and the Test Manager has asked you, the senior TA, to help with it.
What would be the MOST effective techniques for functional testing of this project?
a) Combinatorial testing
b) Random testing
c) CRUD testing
d) State transition testing
e) Scenario-based testing
f) Decision table testing
g) Exploratory testing
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is D because the scenario gives three strong test-basis signals: a workflow, a business process model, and business rules. CTAL-TA v4.0 classifies relevant black-box techniques into data-based, behavior-based, and rule-based techniques, and explicitly includes state transition testing, scenario-based testing, and decision table testing within Chapter 3 test analysis and design. It also requires the Test Analyst to select appropriate techniques for a given situation.
State transition testing fits the purchase request workflow because requests move between states such as created, approved, rejected, returned for clarification, forwarded, and converted to purchase order. CTAL-TA states that behavior-based techniques derive tests from state-dependent or dynamic behavior. Scenario-based testing fits because the requirements include a business process model and end-to-end purchasing flows.
CTAL-TA states that scenario-based testing evaluates behavior in realistic workflows and may use activity diagrams, use cases, flowcharts, or BPMN models. Decision table testing fits because entitlement checks and manager recommendations are driven by business rules involving role, grade, and authorization logic. Rule- based techniques verify stateless business-rule behavior.
Combinatorial testing may help with input combinations, but it is not the best overall functional set here.
Random and exploratory testing are weak choices because the requirements are clear and formal.
質問 # 13
A pricing system for determining the postage cost of a company's letters examines two input variables, representing the length L of the envelope in centimeters and the weight W of the letter in grams. Envelopes can only have three lengths: 15 cm Small, 20 cm Standard, and 25 cm Large.
For standard length envelopes, 20 cm, a premium postage rate is applied if the weight is equal to or greater than 50 grams. This is represented as:
IF L = 20 AND W > = 50 THEN RETURN Cost "Premium rate"
Which set of test points, each represented as variables L, W , achieves 100% simplified domain coverage for the Standard letter postage cost domain?
正解：A
解説：
The correct answer is B . Simplified domain coverage requires boundary-focused ON and OFF points. CTAL- TA v4.0 states that for borders defined by < , #, > , or #, simplified domain coverage requires one ON and one OFF point. For an equality border, it requires one ON point and two OFF points on different sides of the border, with OFF points as close as possible according to the given precision.
The premium Standard-letter domain is defined by L = 20 and W > = 50 . For the W > = 50 border, (20,50) is the ON point because 50 is included, and (20,49) is the closest OFF point. For the L = 20 equality border, (20,50) also serves as the ON point, while (15,60) and (25,60) are OFF points on the two available sides of the Standard envelope length, because envelope lengths are restricted to 15, 20, and 25 cm.
Option A includes unnecessary extra points and does not represent the minimal required simplified coverage set. Option C uses 19 and 21, which are invalid envelope lengths. Option D misses the closest OFF point for the inclusive weight boundary because it uses 51 instead of 49. Reference: CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.1.1 Domain Testing , simplified domain coverage.
質問 # 14
You are working on an Agile project to develop a web-based online dating service that will allow members of the service to enter their profile, meet people who would be a good match for them, arrange social events with those people and to block people with whom they do not want contact.
Functional correctness, usability, performance and security are all important but the major concern for the stakeholders is data protection. Two environments are available for testing: the regular one is similar to the development environment, the other is a pre-production environment which is configured to become the live system when operation begins, but has currently been loaded with a representative volume of artificial profiles.
The features for member profile entry have been delivered and tested. The current iteration will deliver profile matching, which will be done on-demand in response to a request from a member to see matching profiles in their browser. The tests for these user stories' acceptance criteria will be aimed primarily at functional correctness and will be scripted. Performance testing and security testing will be done by external specialists when the functionality is stable.
The other TAs in the team are on sick leave and only have time for one exploratory test session before the end of the iteration. What is the MOST appropriate test charter in these circumstances?
正解：B
解説：
The correct answer is D . A test charter must focus the exploratory session on the most relevant target, resources, and information objective. CTAL-TA v4.0 states that a session-based test charter provides the mission of a test session and commonly follows the structure "Explore [target] With [resources] To discover [information]" . The charter should consider customer, requirement, product, and project- management factors such as business value, feature scope, time constraints, and risks.
Here, the current iteration delivers profile matching , not profile entry. Profile entry has already been delivered and tested, so option A wastes the only available exploratory session on old functionality. Option B is weak because security vulnerabilities are scheduled for external specialists, and a regular environment is not the right basis for serious security evaluation. Option C is also misdirected because performance testing will be handled by specialists after the functionality stabilizes; using the pre-production environment for performance exploration now risks consuming scarce effort outside the TA's immediate responsibility. Option D is best because it targets the current feature, uses the regular test environment, and complements the scripted acceptance tests by searching for functional issues not covered by the acceptance criteria. Reference:
CTAL-TA v4.0, Section 3.4.1 Test Charters Supporting Session-Based Testing .
質問 # 15
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