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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cloud and IoT Security | - IoT security fundamentals - Cloud computing security concepts |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | - Ethical hacking concepts and methodology |
| Reconnaissance Techniques | - Scanning networks and enumeration - Footprinting and information gathering |
| Network Attacks | - Sniffing and session hijacking - Denial of Service (DoS/DDoS) |
| Cryptography | - Encryption, hashing, and cryptanalysis |
| Wireless and Mobile Security | - Mobile platform vulnerabilities - Wireless network attacks |
| Web and Application Security | - Web application hacking techniques |
| System Hacking | - Gaining access and privilege escalation - Malware threats and system exploitation |
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NEW QUESTION # 698
Sophia is a shopping enthusiast who spends significant time searching for trendy outfits online. Clark, an attacker, noticed her activities several times and sent a fake email containing a deceptive page link to her social media page displaying all-new and trendy outfits. In excitement, Sophia clicked on the malicious link and logged in to that page using her valid credentials. Which of the following tools is employed by Clark to create the spoofed email?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Evilginx Evilginx is a man-in-the-middle attack framework used for phishing credentials and session cookies of any web service. It's core runs on Nginx HTTP server, which utilizes proxy_pass and sub_filter to proxy and modify HTTP content, while intercepting traffic between client and server.
NEW QUESTION # 699
During a penetration test for a global e-commerce platform in Dallas, ethical hacker Maria simulates a large- scale DoS campaign. Instead of sending attack traffic directly, she forges requests to multiple open services across the internet. These services unknowingly reply to the victim system, multiplying the amount of traffic hitting the target. Within minutes, the victim's server is overwhelmed by a flood of responses, even though Maria's own machine generated only a small amount of traffic.
Which attack technique is Maria most likely demonstrating?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Distributed Reflection Denial-of-Service (DRDoS) because the scenario describes the two defining elements of DRDoS: reflection and amplification at scale using third-party systems. Maria
"forges requests" (i.e., spoofs the victim's IP address as the source) to "multiple open services across the internet." Those services then send their replies to the spoofed source-the victim-so the victim receives a large volume of unsolicited responses. This is reflection: the attacker does not attack the victim directly; instead, the attacker reflects traffic off other servers. The "multiplying the amount of traffic" indicates amplification: many protocols/services respond with packets significantly larger than the request, so the attacker's small outbound traffic results in a much larger inbound flood against the target.
The mention of "multiple open services" and being overwhelmed by a "flood of responses" is classic DRDoS behavior. From a defender's perspective, DRDoS attacks are difficult because the traffic often appears to come from legitimate servers, and the victim is receiving replies to requests it never sent. Mitigations include source address validation (BCP 38 anti-spoofing), rate limiting, filtering/ACLs for abused UDP services, and upstream scrubbing/CDN or DDoS protection.
Why the other options are less accurate: Smurf is a specific reflection/amplification attack using ICMP to a broadcast address (now largely mitigated by disabling directed broadcasts). Botnet describes the attacker's infrastructure (many compromised machines) but not the reflection/amplification mechanism; a botnet can be used to launch many types of DDoS attacks. NTP amplification is one specific DRDoS variant using misconfigured NTP servers (UDP/123). The question describes the broader technique across "multiple open services" rather than naming NTP specifically, so the best match is the general category DRDoS.
Therefore, Maria is demonstrating a Distributed Reflection Denial-of-Service (DRDoS) attack.
NEW QUESTION # 700
Bill is a network administrator. He wants to eliminate unencrypted traffic inside his company's network. He decides to setup a SPAN port and capture all traffic to the datacenter. He immediately discovers unencrypted traffic in port UDP 161. what protocol is this port using and how can he secure that traffic?
Answer: B
Explanation:
We have various articles already in our documentation for setting up SNMPv2 trap handling in Opsview, but SNMPv3 traps are a whole new ballgame. They can be quite confusing and complicated to set up the first time you go through the process, but when you understand what is going on, everything should make more sense.
SNMP has gone through several revisions to improve performance and security (version 1, 2c and 3). By default, it is a UDP port based protocol where communication is based on a 'fire and forget' methodology in which network packets are sent to another device, but there is no check for receipt of that packet (versus TCP port when a network packet must be acknowledged by the other end of the communication link).
There are two modes of operation with SNMP - get requests (or polling) where one device requests information from an SNMP enabled device on a regular basis (normally using UDP port 161), and traps where the SNMP enabled device sends a message to another device when an event occurs (normally using UDP port
162). The latter includes instances such as someone logging on, the device powering up or down, or a wide variety of other problems that would need this type of investigation.
This blog covers SNMPv3 traps, as polling and version 2c traps are covered elsewhere in our documentation.
SNMP trapsSince SNMP is primarily a UDP port based system, traps may be 'lost' when sending between devices; the sending device does not wait to see if the receiver got the trap. This means if the configuration on the sending device is wrong (using the wrong receiver IP address or port) or the receiver isn't listening for traps or rejecting them out of hand due to misconfiguration, the sender will never know.
The SNMP v2c specification introduced the idea of splitting traps into two types; the original 'hope it gets there' trap and the newer 'INFORM' traps. Upon receipt of an INFORM, the receiver must send an acknowledgement back. If the sender doesn't get the acknowledgement back, then it knows there is an existing problem and can log it for sysadmins to find when they interrogate the device.
NEW QUESTION # 701
You are the chief cybersecurity officer at CloudSecure Inc., and your team is responsible for securing a cloudbased application that handles sensitive customer data. To ensure that the data is protected from breaches, you have decided to implement encryption for both data-at-rest and data-in-transit. The development team suggests using SSL/TLS for securing data in transit. However, you want to also implement a mechanism to detect if the data was tampered with during transmission. Which of the following should you propose?
Answer: B
Explanation:
SSL/TLS is a protocol that provides encryption and authentication for data in transit between a client and a server. However, SSL/TLS does not provide any protection against data tampering, which is the alteration, deletion, or insertion of data without authorization or proper validation. Data tampering can compromise the integrity and accuracy of the data, and potentially lead to breaches or fraud. To detect and prevent data tampering, you should implement IPsec in addition to SSL/TLS. IPsec is a protocol that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity for data in transit at the network layer. IPsec uses cryptographic mechanisms, such as digital signatures and hash-based message authentication codes (HMACs), to verify the identity of the sender and the receiver, and to ensure that the data has not been modified during transmission. IPsec can also provide replay protection, which prevents an attacker from retransmitting old or duplicate packets. By combining SSL/TLS and IPsec, you can achieve a higher level of security and reliability for your cloud-based application. References:
* EC-Council CEHv12 Courseware Module 18: Cryptography, page 18-20
* EC-Council CEHv12 Courseware Module 19: Cloud Computing, page 19-29
* A comprehensive guide to data tampering
* Tamper Detection
NEW QUESTION # 702
Which individuals believe that hacking and defacing websites can promote social change?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Hacktivists use hacking activities, such as website defacement and cyberattacks, to promote political, ideological, or social causes. Their actions are intended to influence public opinion or drive social change.
NEW QUESTION # 703
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