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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Use custom resources and extensions - Use ServiceAccounts - Apply application security settings - Work with ConfigMaps - Configure resource requirements, limits and quotas - Create and consume Secrets |
| Topic 2: Application Deployment | 20% | - Work with Kustomize - Use Helm package manager - Implement deployment strategies - Manage Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks |
| Topic 3: Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Understand API deprecations - Monitor applications using CLI tools - Work with container logs - Debug applications in Kubernetes - Implement probes and health checks |
| Topic 4: Services and Networking | 20% | - Troubleshoot network access - Understand and apply NetworkPolicies - Use Ingress rules - Expose applications via Services |
| Topic 5: Application Design and Build | 20% | - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns - Choose and use appropriate workload resources - Define, build and modify container images |
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NEW QUESTION # 37
You are running a critical application that requires high availability and minimal downtime during updates. Your current deployment strategy uses a single Deployment with 3 replicas. You need to ensure that during updates, only one pod is unavailable at any given time, minimizing service disruption. Design a deployment strategy that meets this requirement and allows for seamless updates.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define Rolling Update Strategy:
- In your Deployment configuration, specify the rolling update strategy with 'maxunavailable: 1 s and 'maxSurge: O'. This ensures that during updates, only one pod is taken down at a time, while the remaining two continue serving traffic.
2. Use Liveness and Readiness Probes: - Configure liveness and readiness probes for your application containers. Liveness probes Check tne nealth of running containers and restan them if unhealthy. Readiness probes check if a container is ready to receive traffic. - This ensures that only healthy pods are marked as ready, and traffic is routed only to ready pods.
3. Implement Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA): - Set up HPA to automatically scale the number of pods based on CPU or memory utilization- This ensures that the application can handle increased trattiC during updates without compromising performance. - You can configure the desired minimum and maximum replicas for the HPA based on your application's requirements. 4. Use Service with Session Affinity: - Configure your Service to use 'ClientlP' or 'Cookie' session affinity. This ensures that client connections are consistently routed to the same pod during the rolling update, minimizing disruption for users.
5. Use Daemonsets for System Components: - If you have any system components (like monitoring agents or log collectors) that need to run on every node in the cluster, use DaemonSets instead of Deployments. - DaemonSets ensure that these components are always running on all nodes, even during node restarts or updates, ensuring continuous monitoring and logging.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Refer to Exhibit.
Task:
1) Create a secret named app-secret in the default namespace containing the following single key-value pair:
Key3: value1
2) Create a Pod named ngnix secret in the default namespace.Specify a single container using the nginx:stable image.
Add an environment variable named BEST_VARIABLE consuming the value of the secret key3.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution:
NEW QUESTION # 39
You have a Deployment named 'my-app-deployment running a Flask application. You want to add a liveness probe that checks if the Flask application is responding on port '5000' and a readiness probe that checks if the application is ready to receive requests. Implement these probes using Kustomize.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a base Deployment configuration:
2. Create a 'kustomization.yamr file:
3. Create 'patcnes/liveness-probe.yaml':
4. Create 'patches/readiness-probe-yaml':
5. Apply the Kustomize configuration: bash kustomize . I kubectl apply -t- - Liveness probe: This probe checks if the application is still alive and running. It uses a TCP socket to connect to port ' 5000' and waits for 15 seconds before making the first cneck. It checks every 20 seconds, and if it fails 3 times in a row, the pod is restarted. - Readiness probe: This probe checks if the application is ready to receive requests. It also uses a TCP socket to connect to port '5000'. It checks every 10 seconds and waits for 5 seconds before the first check. If it fails 2 times in a row, the pod is marked as unhealthy and excluded trom receiving traffic. Note: Make sure your Flask application is actually listening on port '5000' and responding to requests. ,
NEW QUESTION # 40
You are tasked with setting up a secure Kubernetes cluster for a web application. The application has sensitive data that must be protected. You need to configure a mecnanism to restrict access to the application's pods based on user identities. Describe a method to achieve this using Kubernetes RBAC and Service Accounts, ensuring that only authorized users can access specific pods.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a Service Account
- Create a Service Account for the application:
- Apply the Service Account configuratiom basn kubectl apply -f webapp-sa.yaml 2. Create a Role: - Define a Role that grants access to the specific pods:
- Apply the Role configuratiom bash kubectl apply -f webapp-pod-reader.yaml 3. Create a RoleBinding: - Bind the Role to the Service Account
- Apply the RoleBinding configuration: bash kubectl apply -f webapp-pod-reader-binding_yaml 4. Configure the Application: - When deploying the application, specify the Service Account:
5. Verify Access: - Use the 'kubectr command with the Service Account's credentials to verify that only authorized users can access the application's pods: bash kubectl -service-account=webapp-sa get pods -n This setup utilizes Kubernetes RBAC to control access to the application's pods. - The Service Account acts as an identity for the application. - The Role defines the permissions granted to the Service Account, specifically allowing access to the pods. - The RoleBinding associates the Role with the Service Account, linking the permissions to the identity. - When the application is deployed witn tne specified Service Account, it inherits the permissions defined in the RoleBinding. This ensures that only users with the necessary credentials (associated with the Service Account) can access and interact with the application's pods, safeguarding sensitive data.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Refer to Exhibit.
Set Configuration Context:
[student@node-1] $ | kubectl
Config use-context k8s
Context
A pod is running on the cluster but it is not responding.
Task
The desired behavior is to have Kubemetes restart the pod when an endpoint returns an HTTP 500 on the /healthz endpoint. The service, probe-pod, should never send traffic to the pod while it is failing. Please complete the following:
* The application has an endpoint, /started, that will indicate if it can accept traffic by returning an HTTP 200. If the endpoint returns an HTTP 500, the application has not yet finished initialization.
* The application has another endpoint /healthz that will indicate if the application is still working as expected by returning an HTTP 200. If the endpoint returns an HTTP 500 the application is no longer responsive.
* Configure the probe-pod pod provided to use these endpoints
* The probes should use port 8080
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution:
To have Kubernetes automatically restart a pod when an endpoint returns an HTTP 500 on the /healthz endpoint, you will need to configure liveness and readiness probes on the pod.
First, you will need to create a livenessProbe and a readinessProbe in the pod's definition yaml file. The livenessProbe will check the /healthz endpoint, and if it returns an HTTP 500, the pod will be restarted. The readinessProbe will check the /started endpoint, and if it returns an HTTP 500, the pod will not receive traffic.
Here's an example of how you can configure the liveness and readiness probes in the pod definition yaml file:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: probe-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: probe-pod
image: <image-name>
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
livenessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /healthz
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 15
periodSeconds: 10
failureThreshold: 3
readinessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /started
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 15
periodSeconds: 10
failureThreshold: 3
The httpGet specifies the endpoint to check and the port to use. The initialDelaySeconds is the amount of time the pod will wait before starting the probe. periodSeconds is the amount of time between each probe check, and the failureThreshold is the number of failed probes before the pod is considered unresponsive.
You can use kubectl to create the pod by running the following command:
kubectl apply -f <filename>.yaml
Once the pod is created, Kubernetes will start monitoring it using the configured liveness and readiness probes. If the /healthz endpoint returns an HTTP 500, the pod will be restarted. If the /started endpoint returns an HTTP 500, the pod will not receive traffic.
Please note that if the failure threshold is set to 3, it means that if the probe fails 3 times consecutively it will be considered as a failure.
The above configuration assumes that the application is running on port 8080 and the endpoints are available on the same port.
NEW QUESTION # 42
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