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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Ingress and Gateway API - Traffic Encryption and Service Mesh Architectures |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble CLI and UI - Hubble and Layer 7 Visibility |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Installation and Connectivity Testing - Cilium CLI and Configuration |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Service Discovery and Load Balancing - Multi-Cluster Connectivity |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium Architecture and Components - IP Address Management and Datapath Models |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-Based Network Security - Policy Rules and Enforcement |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF and iptables-Based Networking - eBPF Role and Benefits |
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity - Connecting Cilium Clusters to External Networks |
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NEW QUESTION # 47
What is the purpose of the 12 Announcements" feature?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The question's "12 Announcements" wording is a source transcription error for L2 Announcements . This feature makes Kubernetes Services visible and reachable to clients on the local Layer 2 network, particularly in on-premises, office, campus, or bare-metal environments that do not use BGP-based service advertisement.
Cilium responds to ARP requests for IPv4 Service addresses and NDP requests for IPv6 addresses. A selected node advertises the LoadBalancer IP or ExternalIP using its MAC address and receives traffic for that virtual IP. Cilium then applies its service load-balancing functionality to forward the connection to an appropriate backend. Leadership is coordinated so that one node advertises a given Service at a time, and the virtual IP can move to another eligible node after failure.
The feature is not intended to provide general Layer 2 multicast, making A incorrect. DNS service discovery is handled through Kubernetes DNS and is independent of L2 announcements, eliminating C. It also does not define Layer 2 security policies, so D is incorrect.
Thus, the purpose is external Service reachability on the local area network, exactly as described by B.
Official references
L2 Announcements .
Study Guide topic: BGP and External Networking.
NEW QUESTION # 48
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 49
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 50
If you are required to block ingress traffic from external IPs for all pods in your cluster, which of the following network policies would be the best fit?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
A cluster-wide requirement is best implemented with CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy , whose correct resource spelling is CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy . Unlike a namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy , this Cilium CRD is non-namespaced and can select endpoints across the entire cluster.
To deny external ingress for every Cilium-managed pod, a cluster-wide policy can use an empty endpointSelector and an ingressDeny rule selecting the world entity. Cilium defines world as network endpoints outside the cluster. An alternative allow-list construction can permit only the cluster entity, thereby excluding external sources, but an explicit deny rule usually communicates the requirement more directly.
A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy and a CiliumNetworkPolicy are namespaced, requiring repeated resources in every applicable namespace. CiliumGlobalPolicy is not a valid Cilium resource type. Although the option capitalizes "Wide" differently from the actual kind, D unmistakably identifies the intended cluster- scoped policy.
Official references
Cilium Deny Policies , Cilium Network Policy Types
Study Guide topic: Cluster-scoped policies, external traffic, and reserved entities.
NEW QUESTION # 51
What is a correct statement related to BIG TCP, an eBPF-based feature in Cilium?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
BIG TCP permits the Linux networking stack to process packets larger than the traditional approximately 64- KiB limit represented by the IP length field while the packets remain inside the host. IPv6 BIG TCP uses a temporary Hop-by-Hop header carrying the larger internal length, while IPv4 BIG TCP sets tot_len to zero and uses the socket buffer length internally. Before transmission, packets are segmented into sizes suitable for the physical network. C therefore identifies the problem BIG TCP addresses.
Option A is false because Cilium's documentation explicitly states that BIG TCP does not require network- interface MTU changes. The larger objects exist inside the software networking stack and are segmented before appearing on the wire.
Option B reverses the intended performance effect. Larger internal GSO and GRO packets reduce repeated stack traversal, lowering CPU utilization and generally improving throughput and latency. Option D is also false: Generic Segmentation Offload and Generic Receive Offload are fundamental to BIG TCP's operation.
Cilium increases their maximum sizes when BIG TCP is enabled. The source mentions TSO, but the documented mechanism is principally described through GSO and GRO.
Official references
Cilium Performance Tuning and BIG TCP
Study Guide topic: BIG TCP, GSO/GRO, packet-length limits, and performance.
NEW QUESTION # 52
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