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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Data Fundamentals and Business Analytics | - Data types and data collection methods - Descriptive statistics (mean, median, variance, standard deviation) |
| Topic 2: Regression and Correlation Analysis | - Interpreting correlation and causation - Linear regression modeling |
| Topic 3: Hypothesis Testing | - Null and alternative hypotheses - t-tests, chi-square tests, and significance testing |
| Topic 4: Probability and Statistical Inference | - Probability concepts and distributions - Sampling methods and sampling error |
| Topic 5: Decision Making Models | - Risk and uncertainty in decision-making - Decision trees and expected value analysis |
>> Data-Driven-Decision-Making資格参考書 <<
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質問 # 90
What are random errors caused by?
正解：A
解説：
Random errors are caused by unpredictable fluctuations that occur naturally in measurement, observation, or recording processes. These errors are not consistently in one direction and do not systematically push results higher or lower. Instead, they introduce variability that can make repeated measurements differ slightly even when conditions seem similar. Examples include minor environmental changes, momentary variations in instrument sensitivity, normal human reaction differences, or small observational inconsistencies. Because random errors are unsystematic, they tend to average out over a large number of observations, although they still reduce precision. By contrast, an instrument that needs calibration is more closely associated with systematic error, because it may consistently overstate or understate measurements. Respondents favoring certain outcomes and biased data also reflect systematic forms of bias rather than random variation. In statistics and quality measurement, distinguishing between random error and systematic error is important because each requires a different response. Random error is mainly addressed through repetition, sample size, and statistical controls, whereas systematic error must be corrected at the source. Therefore, the correct cause of random errors is unpredictable fluctuations in readings.
質問 # 91
A county government must increase trust among voters that their tallying machines are accurately calibrated to count their votes. Each department is tasked with creating an online marketing campaign; however, the budget for these campaigns is limited.
How can the county apply data analytic approaches to allocate funds to each department?
正解：B
解説：
Allocating limited resources effectively requires identifying where needs and risks are greatest. In data-driven decision making,measuring voter complaints per departmentprovides a direct, objective indicator of trust issues and communication gaps.
Departments with higher complaint volumes may require greater outreach to restore voter confidence. Using this metric allows funds to be allocated where they will have the greatest impact. Benchmarking turnout rates does not isolate departmental needs, and surveys of controllers or employees introduce subjectivity rather than evidence-based prioritization.
Therefore, the correct answer isA.
質問 # 92
A laboratory uses a graduated cylinder to measure liquid volume in metric units. Which type of experimental design is this laboratory implementing?
正解：C
解説：
A laboratory measuring liquid volume with a graduated cylinder in metric units is using quantitative research because the process involves numerical measurement and objective data collection. Quantitative research is concerned with collecting measurable data that can be analyzed statistically or compared using mathematical methods. In this case, the volume of liquid is expressed in standard units such as milliliters or liters, making it a clear numerical variable. Qualitative research, by contrast, focuses on descriptions, experiences, opinions, or non-numeric observations. "Development research" and "precision research" are not the best classifications for the method described in the question. The central feature here is that the laboratory is collecting measurable, numerical data using an instrument designed for exact observation. This aligns directly with the principles of quantitative analysis, where standardization, objectivity, and repeatability are essential. Such measurement-based methods are foundational in scientific experiments, industrial testing, and evidence-based decision-making because they allow researchers to compare results consistently and apply statistical reasoning to their findings.
質問 # 93
Which type of analytics classification uses experimental design and optimization to suggest a course of action?
正解：D
解説：
Prescriptive analyticsis the analytics classification that uses experimental design and optimization techniques to suggest a specific course of action. In data-driven decision making, prescriptive analytics represents the most advanced stage of analytics, as it not only predicts outcomes but also recommends decisions that lead to optimal results.
Descriptive analytics summarizes historical data to explain what has already happened, while predictive analytics uses statistical and probabilistic models to estimate what is likely to happen in the future. Diagnostic analytics focuses on understanding why something happened by identifying root causes. In contrast, prescriptive analytics answers the critical question:what should be done.
Prescriptive analytics relies on methods such as optimization models, simulation, decision trees, and experimental design. These techniques evaluate multiple scenarios, constraints, and objectives to identify the best possible action. For example, organizations use prescriptive analytics to optimize pricing, allocate resources efficiently, schedule operations, or determine optimal investment strategies.
Within data-driven decision-making frameworks, prescriptive analytics bridges analysis and action by directly supporting managerial decision-making. It transforms analytical insights into concrete recommendations that can be implemented to improve performance and outcomes. Therefore, the correct answer isC, as prescriptive analytics explicitly uses experimental design and optimization to suggest a course of action.
質問 # 94
A company's marketing team tells an analyst that fewer customers are opening emails in the recent email campaign. The analyst interviews a few marketing coordinators and discovers changes were made to the email subject line between the earlier successful email campaign and the recent one. The analyst then uses a statistical technique to compare the email open rates for each campaign. Which step does the comparison of the email open rate represent in the plan-do-check-act cycle?
正解：A
解説：
The plan-do-check-act cycle is a continuous improvement framework used in quality management and process improvement. In this scenario, the comparison of email open rates represents the check stage. After identifying a possible cause of the problem, the analyst uses a statistical technique to evaluate results and determine whether the changes in subject lines are associated with lower open rates. The check step is where performance is measured, reviewed, and compared against expectations or prior outcomes. The plan stage would involve deciding what change or test to make. The do stage would involve implementing the campaign or the revised subject line. The act stage would involve standardizing the successful change or making further adjustments based on the findings. Because the analyst is examining and comparing the results of the campaigns, this clearly aligns with the check phase. Therefore, the correct answer is check.
質問 # 95
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Data-Driven-Decision-Making参考書: https://www.japancert.com/Data-Driven-Decision-Making.html
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