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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Network Observability | 10% | - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| Topic 2: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 3: Architecture | 20% | - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement - Cilium core architecture and components |
| Topic 4: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 5: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 6: Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Topic 7: Network Policy | 18% | - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies - Policy enforcement modes - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models |
| Topic 8: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
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質問 # 59
Which one of the following commands will correctly display show the Cilium configuration?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
cilium config view is the Cilium CLI command used to display the current Cilium configuration. It reads the configuration associated with the selected Kubernetes context, Cilium namespace, and Helm release. The command belongs to the cilium config command group, which manages installation configuration.
Option B reverses the expected command structure and does not correspond to a documented Cilium CLI operation. Option D resembles command syntax used on traditional network appliances but is not part of the Cilium CLI. Option C is both textually corrupted and conceptually inaccurate: Cilium configuration is not generally exposed through a cluster-wide resource named ciliumconfig.cilium.io . Runtime settings are commonly represented through the Cilium ConfigMap and Helm release values, while specialized resources such as CiliumNodeConfig apply targeted per-node configuration.
The wording "display show" is a source-bank editing defect but does not affect the answer. Administrators should also distinguish the external cilium management CLI from cilium-dbg , which runs with or communicates with the node-local Cilium agent and provides detailed datapath and agent diagnostics.
Official references
cilium config view , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Cilium CLI configuration inspection and command structure.
質問 # 60
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
質問 # 61
a requirement to achieve service discovery and load balancing across clusters with Cluster Mesh?
正解：B
解説：
Technical explanation
Every cluster participating in a Cilium Cluster Mesh must have a unique cluster name and numeric cluster ID.
The numeric ID becomes part of Cluster Mesh security identities and allows Cilium to distinguish identities originating in different clusters. Reusing an ID would create ambiguity in endpoint identity, policy enforcement, and synchronized service information. Current documentation permits IDs from 1 through 255 under the default scaling configuration.
Geographical colocation is not required. Cluster Mesh is specifically designed to extend connectivity, policy, service discovery, and load balancing across clusters that may reside in different regions, clouds, or premises, provided the documented network-connectivity requirements are satisfied. The clusters also do not need to use an identical Kubernetes distribution or exact Kubernetes version.
Option C is unnecessarily strict. Current Cilium documentation permits connected clusters to differ by no more than one minor Cilium release; exact version equality is not mandatory. Other prerequisites include unique and non-conflicting PodCIDRs, compatible datapath modes, node connectivity, and appropriate inter- cluster communication.
The supplied bank incorrectly marks A. The verified answer is D.
Official references
Setting up Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
質問 # 62
What would be a benefit of using remote service affinity in a Cluster Mesh deployment?
正解：D
解説：
Technical explanation
Remote service affinity directs a global Service to prefer healthy backend endpoints located in remote clusters. This can support maintenance or staged rollouts in which the local copy of an application is temporarily unavailable or intentionally removed from service. Requests originating in the local cluster continue through the same global Service but are forwarded to the preferred remote backends, matching the use case described by D.
Cilium configures this behavior through the service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" annotation. The preference affects backend selection; it does not require clients to use a different Service address. If remote backends are available, they are marked as preferred. This provides operators with a controlled way to direct traffic away from the local deployment during an update.
Option A describes local affinity from the perspective of the cluster containing the client, not remote affinity.
Option B incorrectly introduces the Egress Gateway, which provides controlled source addresses and routing for outbound traffic rather than Cluster Mesh global-Service affinity. Option C describes the normal none affinity behavior, under which Cilium has no local-or-remote preference and can load-balance across both categories.
Remote affinity therefore enables temporary cross-cluster continuity while local application instances are updated or otherwise unavailable.
Official references
Cluster Mesh Service Affinity .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
質問 # 63
Which one of the following Cilium Network Policies follow the correct syntax?
A)
Question 17 option A
B)
Question 17 option B
C)
Question 17 option C
D)
Question 17 option D
正解：B
解説：
Technical explanation
Option D uses the correct structure for permitting egress from selected endpoints to the local host entity. The endpointSelector selects endpoints whose label env equals dev . Because the intended traffic travels from those endpoints toward the host, the policy must contain an egress rule. An egress peer is expressed through toEntities , and host is the reserved entity representing the local host, including host-networked containers on that node.
Option A is invalid because fromEntities is an ingress-oriented field and cannot express an egress destination.
Option B uses nodeSelector , which selects nodes rather than workload endpoints and is only valid for node- level rules in a CiliumClusterwideNetworkPolicy ; it is not valid in the displayed namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicy . It also combines ingress with toEntities , reversing the rule direction. Option C has a valid workload selector but again uses toEntities under ingress ; ingress rules describe sources through constructs such as fromEntities .
Applying option D places the selected endpoints into egress default-deny mode and then expressly permits traffic whose destination is the host entity. Other egress traffic must be allowed separately.
Official references
Policy Enforcement and Rule Basics ; Endpoint Lifecycle policy examples .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
質問 # 64
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