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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Symmetric Encryption | 25% | - Key generation, distribution, and management challenges - Algorithms: AES, DES, 3DES, Blowfish - Principles and operation - Block vs stream ciphers, modes of operation (ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB) |
| Asymmetric Encryption & Public Key Infrastructure | 25% | - Digital signatures: purpose and process - Principles: public/private key pairs - Certificate lifecycle: creation, validation, revocation - Algorithms: RSA, ECC, Diffie-Hellman - PKI components: certificates, CAs, trust models |
| Hash Functions & Data Integrity | 15% | - Properties: collision resistance, one-way function - HMAC construction and application - Algorithms: SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-3, MD5 - Uses: integrity checks, password storage, message authentication |
| Key Management & Secure Protocols | 10% | - Key generation, storage, exchange, and destruction - Secure protocols: TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH, PGP - Cryptographic attacks: brute force, birthday, man-in-the-middle |
| Cryptography Fundamentals | 20% | - Core goals: confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation - Historical evolution and modern applications - Basic terminology: plaintext, ciphertext, algorithm, key |
| Implementation & Best Practices | 5% | - Standards and compliance - Common mistakes and vulnerabilities - Selecting appropriate algorithms and key sizes |
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질문 # 17
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
정답：B
질문 # 18
(Which certificate encoding process is binary-based?)
정답：A
설명：
DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) is a binary encoding format used to represent ASN.1 structures in a canonical, unambiguous way. X.509 certificates are defined using ASN.1, and DER provides a strict subset of BER (Basic Encoding Rules) that guarantees a single, unique encoding for any given data structure. That "unique encoding" property is important for cryptographic operations such as hashing and digital signatures, because different encodings of the same abstract data could otherwise produce different hashes and break signature verification. In contrast, PEM is not a binary encoding; it is essentially a Base64-encoded text wrapper around DER data, bounded by header/footer lines (e.g.,
"BEGIN CERTIFICATE"). PKI is an overall framework for certificate issuance, trust, and lifecycle management-not an encoding. RSA is an asymmetric algorithm used for encryption/signing, not a certificate encoding format. Therefore, the binary-based certificate encoding process among the options is DER.
질문 # 19
(A Linux user password is identified as follows:
$2a$08$AbCh0RCM8p8FGaYvRLI0H.Kng54gcnWCOQYIhas708UEZRQQjGBh4
Which hash algorithm should be used to salt this password?)
정답：C
설명：
The string format $2a$08$... is a well-known identifier for the bcrypt password hashing scheme. In common password-hash notation, the prefix indicates the algorithm and parameters: "$2a$" denotes bcrypt (version 2a), and "08" indicates the cost factor (work factor) controlling how computationally expensive hashing is. bcrypt is designed specifically for password storage: it includes a built-in salt and is intentionally slow and adaptive, making brute-force and GPU attacks far more expensive than fast general-purpose hashes like MD5 or SHA-512. NTLM and MD5 are obsolete for secure password storage due to speed and known weaknesses. SHA-512, while cryptographically strong as a hash, is still too fast for password hashing unless used in a dedicated password-hashing construction (e.g., PBKDF2, scrypt, Argon2) with appropriate parameters and salts. Since the given hash clearly matches bcrypt's encoding, the correct algorithm is bcrypt, which incorporates salting and cost-based key stretching as part of its design.
질문 # 20
(Which cryptographic technique is used to ensure data integrity?)
정답：B
설명：
Data integrity means ensuring that information has not been modified without authorization. Digital signatures are a core cryptographic technique that provides integrity by binding a message (typically its hash) to the signer's private key. The signer creates a signature over the message digest; the verifier checks it with the signer's public key and recomputes the digest. Any change to the message alters the digest and causes verification to fail, revealing tampering. Digital signatures also support authenticity (verifying the signer) and can contribute to nonrepudiation under proper key-management and policy controls, but integrity is a primary guarantee they deliver. "Authentication" is broader and can be achieved by other means, but it is not as directly tied to integrity as signatures in this option set. "Non-repudiation" is an outcome/goal rather than a standalone integrity technique. "Steganography" hides the existence of data and does not inherently protect integrity. Therefore, among these options, digital signatures are the best cryptographic technique for ensuring data integrity.
질문 # 21
(What are the primary characteristics of Bitcoin proof of work?)
정답：D
설명：
Bitcoin's proof of work (PoW) is designed so that finding a valid block is computationally difficult, but checking validity is computationally easy. Miners must repeatedly hash candidate block headers (double SHA-
256) with different nonces until they find a hash value below a network-defined target. This trial-and-error search requires significant work and energy because the probability of success per attempt is extremely low at current difficulty levels. However, verification is straightforward: any node can hash the block header once (or a small number of times) and confirm the resulting hash meets the target threshold and that the block contents follow protocol rules. This "hard to produce, easy to verify" property is essential: it makes it expensive for attackers to rewrite history or outpace honest miners, while allowing all participants-even low- power devices-to validate blocks efficiently. Therefore, the primary characteristic of Bitcoin proof of work is that it is difficult to produce and easy to verify.
질문 # 22
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