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NEW QUESTION # 67
Which of the following factors should be considered when setting or adjusting indemnity reserves?
* incurred medical expenses
* emotional pain and suffering
* medical expert witness costs
* future cost of medical care
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management principles established by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, indemnity reserves represent the estimated amount the organization expects to pay in settlement or judgment to a claimant. Indemnity refers specifically to damages paid to compensate the injured party, not defense or administrative expenses.
Incurred medical expenses are a core component of economic damages and must be included in indemnity reserve calculations. Emotional pain and suffering fall under non-economic damages and are also considered when estimating potential settlement or verdict value. Future cost of medical care is another essential factor, particularly in cases involving long-term injury or disability, as it represents projected economic damages that may substantially increase exposure.
Medical expert witness costs, however, are categorized as defense expenses and are typically included in allocated loss adjustment expenses rather than indemnity reserves. These costs relate to the defense of the claim rather than compensation to the plaintiff.
Risk management objectives emphasize accurate differentiation between indemnity and expense reserves to ensure proper financial reporting and regulatory compliance. Therefore, incurred medical expenses, pain and suffering, and future medical costs should be considered when setting indemnity reserves, while expert witness costs should not.
NEW QUESTION # 68
According to Joint Commission findings, what is a primary cause of wrong-site surgery?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Wrong-site surgery is a high-severity, preventable event. Joint Commission analyses repeatedly identify communication failuresas a leading root cause-breakdowns in scheduling, consent/site verification, handoffs, and intraoperative confirmation. Risk management objectives therefore emphasize standardized verification systems: correct patient/procedure/site documentation, pre-op verification, surgical site marking, and a robust time-out performed with full team engagement. Communication failures can include ambiguous documentation, incorrect or incomplete handoff information, and hierarchy barriers that prevent speaking up.
Improving communication reduces reliance on memory and individual vigilance and increases system reliability. In addition, organizations must audit compliance, address workarounds, and strengthen team empowerment so any member can stop the line if a mismatch is detected.
NEW QUESTION # 69
A hospital is a defendant in a recently filed lawsuit involving a child with seizures and flaccid paresis, allegedly arising from negligent care during delivery 10 years ago. The plaintiff is seeking $10 million. At the time of the alleged negligence, the hospital had first dollar coverage through a commercial carrier.
Which of the following steps should the risk manager take to determine coverage before discussion with the hospital CEO and CFO?
* Review the current policy and the policy in effect for the year the delivery occurred.
* Determine whether the applicable policy is occurrence or claims made.
* Identify co-defendants insurance coverage.
* Discuss the coverage issues with the defense lawyer.
Answer: A
Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, determining coverage requires careful review of the applicable insurance policies and policy structure. Because the alleged negligence occurred 10 years earlier, the risk manager must first review both the current policy and the policy in effect at the time of the delivery. Coverage depends on the specific policy terms, limits, endorsements, and retroactive dates applicable during the relevant policy period.
It is also critical to determine whether the policy is written on an occurrence or claims-made basis. Under an occurrence policy, coverage is triggered by the date of the incident, regardless of when the claim is filed.
Under a claims-made policy, coverage depends on when the claim was reported and whether appropriate tail or extended reporting coverage exists.
Identifying co-defendants' coverage may be relevant to contribution or indemnification but does not determine the hospital's own coverage. Discussion with defense counsel may assist in strategy but should follow preliminary internal coverage analysis.
Risk financing objectives emphasize accurate policy review and understanding of trigger mechanisms before executive discussions. Therefore, reviewing the relevant policies and determining policy type are essential first steps.
NEW QUESTION # 70
In preparing next year's budget, the hospital CFO has contacted the risk manager for a projected contribution to the hospital's professional and general liability self-insured retention fund. To respond to this request, the risk manager should refer to which of the following?
Answer: B
Explanation:
According to Health Care Risk Management standards supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, projecting contributions to a self-insured retention fund requires actuarially sound financial forecasting. Actuarial reports use historical claims data, trend analyses, loss development factors, and exposure projections to estimate future liabilities and required funding levels. Loss run reports provide detailed historical claims information, including paid losses, reserves, and claim status, which serve as foundational data for actuarial modeling.
Professional and general liability premiums are relevant to insured layers above the retention but do not determine funding requirements for the retained portion. Frequency and severity analyses of pending claims are important components of actuarial evaluation but, standing alone, may not capture long-tail development or incurred but not reported claims. Total incurred losses for the current year provide limited insight without considering historical patterns and future projections.
Risk financing objectives emphasize accurate funding of retained risk to ensure financial stability, regulatory compliance, and protection of organizational assets. Therefore, actuarial reports, supported by comprehensive loss run data, provide the most reliable basis for determining projected contributions to a self-insured retention fund.
NEW QUESTION # 71
Which of the following documents will an insurance underwriter use to provide an insurance quote?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Under Health Care Risk Management principles supported by ASHRM and the American Hospital Association Certification Center, the insurance application is the primary document used by an underwriter to evaluate risk and generate a premium quote. The application provides detailed information about the organization's operations, services, patient volume, claims history, risk control measures, governance structure, and prior insurance coverage. This information enables the underwriter to assess exposure, determine eligibility, and calculate appropriate pricing and coverage terms.
A certificate of insurance is issued after a policy is in force to verify coverage to third parties and does not serve as a quoting document. The declaration page is part of an existing insurance policy and summarizes coverage limits, deductibles, and endorsements; it reflects finalized terms rather than information used to generate a quote. A certificate of need is a regulatory document related to state approval of healthcare facilities or services and is unrelated to underwriting.
Risk financing objectives emphasize accurate disclosure and thorough completion of insurance applications, as misrepresentation or omission may affect coverage validity. Therefore, the application is the document used by an underwriter to provide an insurance quote.
NEW QUESTION # 72
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